88 
bordering its now narrow channel, completed the history of the 
changes down to the historic period. In these later river deposits, 
and in the peat bogs, implements of polished stone, of bronze, and 
of iron, were found to have been successively deposited; but in the 
older gravels, and associated loams, whether in the valleys or in 
the caves, stone implements (shaped only by chipping), were 
found, and the oldest kind, have given the name “ Palaolithic ” to 
their period, whilst the subsequent age, when man had got the 
habit of sharpening his weapons of stone by grinding, is termed 
‘“‘Nevlithic.”” The great lapse of time required to complete the 
formation of the Danish peat-bogs in which implements of iron, 
bronze, and polished stone are successively accompanied by the 
beech of the present period, the older oak, and the still more 
ancient fir tree, belonging to these three changes of conditions, and 
of the associated animal life was next dwelt upon. An account of 
the Swiss lake-dwellinys, or pile-villages, was then given; and the 
indications of successive generations of peoples, using iron, bronze, 
and polished stone tools, in more or less distinct gradations, were 
pointed out. Those using implements of stone were not altogether 
uncivilized ; and yet, if the incomplete evidence of geographical 
changes be accepted, they lived some 6,000 years ago, before the 
Roman conquests of western Europe. ‘They did not possess the 
reindeer, though the animal had been hunted near by in earlier 
times by cave-dwellers (Canton Schaffhausen), and in France, and 
then the climate must have been cold enough for its existence so 
far south, and cold evough for the habitation of rock shelters or 
sunuy slopes, where, during the present summers of France, even 
for the stench-bearing Esquimaux to abide, with the heaps of 
garbage, stinking flesh and bones, would have been impossible ; 
but there, the hunters of the reindeer, horse, and musk ox, did 
live, using chipped flint tools, and knowing not how to grind and 
polish them—thengh they used some kind of grindstones in pre- 
paring food and paint, and were artistically inclined. They 
cleverly engraved outlines of animals and other things on bone, 
ivory, and stone, with pointed flints and shaped bone and ivory, 
into handles of poniards and quaint statuettes. Among their 
drawings is a lively figure of the hairy high-fronted elephant 
(Mammoth), which they therefore must have seen, and which 
ranged over colder regions of the western hemisphere. The long 
and unknown space of time requisite for the change of climate from 
Arctic conditions in South France and Switzerland to warmer 
winters and hotter summers, unfavourable to the existence of mam- 
moth, reindeer, and musk-ox, divided the cave-dwellers using 
chipped flakes, from the lake-dwellers using polished stone imple- 
ments. ‘hese caye-folk of Dordogne and elsewhere, however, were 
by no means the oldest inhabitants of caves. They lived at, or 
a 
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