Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood. 223 
cement is apparently siliceous; the surface of the boulders is 
smooth and rounded, and the originally rounded pebbles are 
worn flat by attrition. The finer portions of these gravels con- 
sist of small rounded pebbles of ‘chalk and flint, and a chalky 
mud which contained Foraminifera, Inoceramus prisms, and 
Coccoliths. After repeated search I failed to find any pieces of 
chert or molluscan shells in the gravels. 
At the time of my visit last November, pieces of elephant 
bones were exposed in one of the pits, and other bones and 
-teeth obtained during the last year were lent to me by Mr. J. J. 
Springall, of Whiteleaf, for determination. These have been 
examined by my friend, Mr. A. Smith Woodward, F.G.S., of 
the British Museum (Natural History), who reports on them as 
follows :— 
1. Elephas primigenius, Blumenbach (mammoth). Distal end 
of tibia of the left side, fragments of other limb bones, and 
portions of the pelvis. (Mr. Springall had also two very perfect 
molars of this species; the larger of the two had a grinding 
surface 7 x 84 in., and a height of 7in. The smaller is a back 
tooth, with only a small grinding surface at the anterior end.) 
2. Rhinoceros leptorhinus, R. Owen. A perfect upper molar, 
me: 8 of the left side, and a small premolar, No. 2 of the same 
side. 
8. Equus caballus, Linneus (horse). Tibia. ; 
4, Bos primigenius, Bojanus (large fossil ox). Portion of 
metacarpus. . 
5. Rangifer tarandus, Linn. (reindeer). Basal portion of antler, 
of the large form common to the Thames valley deposits. 
The bones are in a fair state of preservation; when first 
extracted they are sufficiently soft to be readily cut with a knife, 
but they become firmer when dry. The teeth are not at all 
rubbed or worn; the mammoth teeth when dry have a whitish 
tint like those from the elephant bed at Brighton. 
Between Whiteleaf and Purley, I have only observed gravels 
in the bottom of the Caterham valley at Kenley where a road- 
way leads up to Little Roke. The section showed from above: 
8 ft. of brown loam with coarse, slightly-worn flints scattered 
through it, and, below, 2 ft. of greyish partially stratified gravel 
of rough unworn and subangular flints, Tertiary pebbles, and 
. small boulders of conglomerate, with smaller pebbles and grains 
of chalk; and beneath this an uneven surface of chalk. There 
is an embayment on the west side of the valley at this place 
occupied by a ridge, 30 to 40 ft. in height, apparently consisting 
of gravel overlaid by brown loam, on which at the present time 
some very ancient pollard oaks are growing. 
At the junction of the Caterham with the main valley of 
Smitham Bottom near Purley Station, there is a comparatively 
. c 
