260 Mr. Alexander J. Hogg on the 
the primeval forests, and must always have been prepared with 
his weapons either for attack or for defence. 
Various methods of manufacture were adopted by the different 
stone-using races which successively occupied this part of Europe. 
The earliest peoples seem to have taken a stone and roughly 
knocked it into shape by a number of blows with another stone; 
others, by a few blows only, produced from a block the implement 
or tool they required ready for use. The bulbs of percussion 
which are of so much assistance to young collectors in deciding 
doubtful cases are to be found in only three of the six divisions 
represented here. 
The implements which I have brought to-night are few in 
number, and have been selected to give an idea of what our 
district produces, and at the same time to show the arrangement 
which I have adopted. 
The spears and arrows are the most numerous, so they require 
little explanation. These are succeeded by the hatchets, in 
about a dozen varieties, some apparently intended for purposes 
of war and some for carpenters’ work. A small selection of 
scrapers follows. There are also some of the multifarious 
shapes assumed by the saw, which played so important a part 
in cutting the shafts for the arrows and the spears, and doubt- 
less for many other purposes for which nowadays we make use 
of knives. 
There are also some twenty typical tools, the uses of which 
must be matter of conjecture; space and time would not admit 
of a larger selection. In addition to these, adzes, mauls, ham- 
mers, sling-stones, wedges, chisels, gouges, daggers, borers, 
rimers, pounders for crushing corn, and many others, are found 
in this district, but are not represented here. 
Owing to their great weight, the ponderous weapons of the 
older races are almost unrepresented, and perhaps it is as well 
that on this occasion they should be so; for it is hard for the 
nineteenth-century man to believe that he is descended from 
ancestors with sufficiently powerful frames to be capable of 
wielding the largest eolithic implements found in the older 
gravels or on the chalk plateau. 
The divisions into which these implements are separated are 
six in number, and in naming them for my own convenience I 
have followed as far as possible the terms already well known, 
though using some of them in a more restricted sense in order to 
avoid confusion. 
The first is the eolithic, so named by Mr. John Allen Browne, and 
these, with my second or archaolithic series, constitute the plateau 
implements of Sir Joseph Prestwich, first made known through 
the enthusiastic researches of Mr. Benjamin Harrison. These 
two divisions vary in colour from deep chocolate down to a pale 
