Mammalian Remains found in Excavations at Carshalton. 298 
7 in. in diameter; and, judging from two tusks in the Museum 
of Practical Geology, which are 74 in. and 63 in. in diameter, 
and have a length respectively of 12 ft. and 10 ft., this tusk must 
have been about 10 ft. in length. The fragment preserved is 
insufficient for specific determination, but in all probability it 
belonged to the mammoth (Hlephas primigenius). 
The remains of horses included portions of limb, haunch, and 
shoulder bones, as well as vertebrae, and belonged to animals of 
two or three different sizes. The bones of Pleistocene horses 
cannot be distinguished from those of the domestic horse of the 
present day (Hquus caballus) ; but those from Carshalton are in 
much the same state of preservation as the bones of the rhino- 
ceros, and most likely are of the same age. 
With regard to the geological position of the deposit in which 
these mammalian remains were found, there is really little 
available evidence beyond that which may be derived from the 
bones themselves. Rhinoceros antiquitatis and Elephas primi- 
genius are unquestionably Pleistocene forms, and horses’ bones 
are frequently met with in the same deposits; but it is quite 
within the range of possibility that deposits such as these may 
have been of more recent origin, and derived from the denuda- 
tion of Pleistocene beds, in which case it might well happen that 
bones of Pleistocene animals were again buried in the more 
modern deposit. If such were the case, then the osseous remains 
would show signs of such derivation by being water-worn and 
‘more or less denuded; moreover, it is very unlikely that portions 
of the same skeleton would be found together. Now, the rhino- 
ceros skull and limb-bones found at Carshalton show no signs of 
such denudation ; and besides this, the finding of several parts 
of the skeleton together points to the entire skeleton being 
present when deposited in this bed, and to the bones being but 
little scattered when they were covered up by the loam. Such 
being the case, we are justified in concluding that these beds 
were accumulated at the time when the woolly rhinoceros was 
living in the neighbourhood, and that they are therefore of 
Pleistocene age. 
