22 Mr. C. H. Goodman's Abstract of Poper 



by the friction method. I need hardly state that these were 

 obtained from a Bheel tribe, an aboriginal people of India ; so 

 that in all probability this method is with them many thousands 

 of years old. The chief point of interest in connection with this 

 fire-stick is that it is exacdy the same kind, and is also worked 

 in the same manner as that employed by many African tribes, 

 by some of the Aborigines of Australia, by some of the Mon- 

 golian Eskimo peoples, and by the Zuni and other races of 

 North American Indians. 



The apparatus, which is very simple, consists of a twirl stick 

 of very hard wood, which is worked by the hands of two operators, 

 in a softer piece of wood, which is known as the "hearth" ; the 

 heat thus generated ignites the fine particles of the softer wood 

 rubbed off by the twirl stick, and these fall down a notch cut 

 for that purpose on to the tinder which is placed to catch the 

 spark. The hard twirl stick is of a tree Tectona r/ramlis, and 

 the " hearth" is of the wood Zizyphus jujuha ; and I am indebted 

 to Mr. Mennell for the following notes on these two interesting 

 woods : — 



" The teak is Tertonn (jrandiH, ' Tecca ' the native name in 

 Malabar. It belongs to the natural order Verbenacese. Zizyphus 

 jujuba is the jujube tree, bearing an edible fruit much used in 

 Syria, Turkey, &c., of which it is a native, and introduced into 

 Italy, Spain, &c. It belongs to the order Ehamuese, the same 

 as our buckthorn (Hhamnus) ; it is a small tree, 20 ft. high. 

 Another species, Z. sijiensis, is a native of China. Another, 

 Z. lotus, bears the lotus fruit of the ' lotus eaters,' or Lotophagi. 

 But my authorities say nothing about fire-making." 



107. — Abstract of Paper on the Mouths of Insects. 



By C. H. Goodman. 



(Bead October 12th, 1892.) 



Notwithstanding the great diversity of form that occurs in the 

 mouths of insects, it can be shown that they are all built up on 

 one type, the divergence being occasioned by the suppression or 

 great development of some one or more parts, so as to adapt the 

 trophi to the needs and habits of each particular group. Where 

 no food is required, there is little or no development. 



The division into mandibulate and haustellate is a natural 

 one, and by a study of the Coleoptera, in which a fairly typical 

 mouth may be found, the way is paved for an understanding of 



