liquids or odours from secretory glands likewise indicate fear. Certain 

 coleopterous larvae thus stimulated drop saliva or exude volatile fluids from 

 two or more dorsal tubes {lAnea tremulce), smelling of naphtha, and some 

 (Lucanus) have a strong odour of guano. In certain lepidopterous cater- 

 pillars the tubes are protrusible, emitting scents like fennel, &c. (Papilio, 

 Danais). Vegetable feeding genera of Coleoptera when seized exude amber 

 drops at the leg-joints {Proscaraba;us, Melo'e, Chrysoniela), or a glutinous 

 fluid from the body (Brachynotus) ; others drop red saliva [Timarcha), or 

 diff'use a musk-like odour from metathoracic glandular organs, as the 

 Lo)igicGrnia {Aromia, Dorcacerus, Cerayenia, Lophonocerus, AcanthojJtera); 

 others again diffuse perfumes often powerful {Lamellicornia), redolent of a 

 scent like Russian leather {Osmoderma), or musk (Trichhis). Carrion 

 beetles {Silphidai) when handled disgorge nauseous saliva, but some emit a 

 musky odour {Necrophorus, Fab.) On alarm communicated by touch or 

 sight, Geodephaga and StaphylinidcB eject volatile secretions from erectile 

 anal tubes, sometimes vapourising with explosion [Bnichinus, Ancho- 

 7nenus, Paussida). The odour they diffuse is that of vinegar or ratafia 

 {Calosoma calidium, Lathrobium), and is sometimes powerful [Cicindela 

 metallica, Bois.) In Hydrodephaga and Heteromera the secretory ducts are 

 similar in position, and the odour nauseous {Gyrinus, Blaps). The ejection 

 is accomplished in the Sta2jhylinid<s by reversion of the abdomen. Species 

 of Carabus when handled eject caustic saliva. Hymenoptera on touch 

 diffuse pungent scents ; many Formicidm one of formic acid, some of 

 ordure {F.fmtens, F.) MutillidcB and AndrenidcB give an odour of garlic ; 

 Bembex, Sphex and Crabro of ether, and Cimbex of musk. The hemipterous 

 secretory glands, similarly situated exterior to the insertion of the posterior 

 legs, on seizure emit foetid effluvia, smelling of cucumber, thyme [Lygmus, 

 Hyoscyami), or peaches {Enoplops scapha) : homopterous Cicada; on alarm 

 squirt a clear fluid from the anus. Orthoptera on being handled drop 

 brown saliva {Acridiida, Locustina), or emit scent from small anal glands 

 {Gryllotalpa, Blattidce), and one Neuropteron of the genus Chrysopa gives 

 out a smell of ordure. E-hopalocerous Lepidoptera [Danais, Euplcea, Acrcea) 

 on seizure at the thorax exude clear white or yellow liquid, as do some 

 Heterocera [Arctia), while others [A. Atropos) diffuse scents from expansible 

 tufts of hair or ' fans.' The male Pieris napi smells of thyme. Both 

 Lepidoptera and Diptera drop red, orange, or white saliva, especially on 

 emerging from the cocoon. 



To facilitate the union of the sexes, the male insect is usually smaller, 

 nimbler, or more agile on the wing than the female, or occasionally the 

 converse, such exceptions occurring in all orders. Love is expressed in a 

 similar manner to fear, the mandibles, palpi, antennae, or fore tarsi becoming 

 secondary sexual characters, which with the anal appendages may become 

 masculine modifications for the purpose of seizing the female, or vice versa. 



