XX 



Tlius male Coleoptera and Orthoptera communicate their desire by a bite, 

 Lepidoptera by strokes of the auteimas or palpi ; Hymeuoptera and 

 Neuroptera employ the three means, while certain Diptera (Eiiipis) toy 

 with the tarsi. Trichoptera seize on the wing. In the Formkidm antennal 

 touch is used as a means of communication. 



Secretions also tend to promote intercourse, especially in Lepidoptera, 

 where ' fans ' diffusing volatile oils characterise the males, and are extended 

 during sexual union (JcidaUa). Their situation and scent varies. In 

 certain SjMngidw [J. Atropos) they are inserted at the base of the abdomen 

 between the chitinous integumental arcs, lying in a pouch when not in use, 

 but rising to a stellate form as this part compresses previous to the emission 

 of a squeak. These ' fans ' are stained of an orange colour in the species 

 under consideration by glands situated at their insertion ; they diffuse a 

 pungent odour resembling that of jessamine. The male Sphinx Convolvidi 

 redolent of musk is also stated by Passerini to possess' these appendages. 

 (See likewise ' Proc. Ent. Soc.,' February 6th, 1878, p. ii.) Fans exist 

 also in many male Noctuina {Acronyncta, Leucania, Mauiestra, Phlogophora) 

 attached to a muscular arm about 2"' long, and concealed in a pouch 

 beneath the first five dorsal arcs with their secretory glands at the fourth. 

 Their scent, usually of an orange colour, smells of turpentine (Xylophasia) , 

 vinegar [Mamestra], or ratafia [Leucmiia). In Phlogophora these fans are 

 black. In other Noctuina they are at the anus [Apamea), or at the upper 

 part of the second pair of tibise, which are grooved [Catocala). Among 

 Geoiiietrina the fans are placed on the posterior tibiae of the males of 

 Boannia and Tephrosia, and on the submedian fore-wing vein in Macaria 

 Uturata, Cidarla prunata, C. testata, and C. pop>idata. In these the 

 secretion is orange-coloured, smelling of vinegar or turpentine (Mrtc«rta) ; 

 in AcidaUa the fans are on the hind tibia3, and the secretion is white. 

 In Herminia, a genus of the Fyralina, the male carries two fans on each 

 fore leg, one inserted at the lower end of the tibia, and the other beneath 

 the first tarsal joint. 



Simple anger is manifested by Mandibulata and Haustellata on touch ; 

 Coleoptera and Orthoptera by threatening, and Hymenoptera by assailing 

 with their mandibles or by threatening with sting or ovipositor, Hemiptera 

 by pricking with their rostrum. Pavalry, again, although essentially a 

 masculine attribute, is sometimes displayed by tlie female. On enclosing 

 Orthoptera in the larval, pupal, or perfect state, males and females fight 

 indiscriminately with their mandibles [Gryllida, Locustidct, Acridildm), or 

 with their raptorial fore-legs {JSlantidic). Female Araclmida have been 

 subsequently observed to devour the slain. Longicorn Coleoptera, males 

 and females, amputate one another's legs and antennae with their mandibles, 

 as do Malacodermce {Telephorus, Meloe) when enclosed together, while 

 Rhyncophora {Scolytus, LeptorhyncJius) push with their mandibulate 



