OSTARIOPHYSI. 219 



size (20-50 lb.), and great age (50-100 years, Gesner, Buffon), very 

 prolific, spawn on weeds about May, said to form hybrids with 

 the Crucian carp with the tench and the bream. Carassius Nilsson, 

 without barbels ; C. vulggaris Nilss., the Crucian carp, Prussian 

 carp, Eiu'. and Siberia ; C. auraius L., gold-fish, China and Japan, 

 introduced into Eur. and Amer. as an ac[uarium fish and natural- 

 ised in many streams ; very variable under domestication in 

 colour and otherwise, brilliancy generally decreases when turned 

 into the open, in the wild state greenish ; so-called telescope-fish 

 is a variety ; breeds in May and June. Catla C. and V., E. Ind. ; 

 Labeo Cuv., Afr. and E. Ind. ; Discognathua Heck., Ind., 

 Ceylon, S.-W. Asia, Afr. ; Capoeta C. and V., W. Asia ; Barhus 

 Cuv., barbels, 200 species, Eur., Asia, Afr., dorsal fin with the 

 (third) longest simple ray sometimes enlarged and serrated 

 only exceptionally with more than nine branched rays commencing 

 opposite or nearly opposite the root of the pelvic fui ; eyes without 

 adipose eyelid ; mouth arched without inner folds ; lips without 

 horny covering, barbels 4, 2 or ; B. vulgaris Fleming, 

 Europe, to 50 lb., as food coarse, roe sometimes poisonous. Thynn- 

 ■•chthys Bleek, E. Ind. Oreinus ; McClell, Himalayas ; from 

 same region PtycJioharbus , Gymnocypris^ Schizopygopsis, Diptychus ; 

 Gohio Cuv., Eur. a small maxillary barbel; dorsal fin with few 

 rays, without spine; G. fluviatilis Flem., the gudgeon. Allied are 

 Ladislavia and Pseudogobio, E. Asia; Ceratichthys Baird and Gerard, 

 N. Amer., called chub in the U. S. ; similar genera of 

 N. Amer., and generally called " minnows," are Pimephales 

 (black head), Hyborhynchus, Hybognathus, Campostoma (stone- 

 lugger), Ericymba, Cochlognathits, Exoglossum (stone-toter or cut- 

 lips), Rhinichthys (long-nosed dace). Other Old World genera are 

 Cirrhina, Dangila, Osteochilus, Barynotus, Tylognathus, Abrostomus, 

 Crossochilus, Epalzeorhynchus, Barbichthys, Amblyrhynchichthys, 

 Albtdichthys, Aulopyge, Bungia, Pseudorasbora. 



III. Rohteichthyina. Anal fin very short, with not more than 

 six branched rays ; dorsal fin behind pelvic ; abdomen compressed ; 

 no barbels ; pharyngeal teeth in triple series. Bohteichthys Bleek, 

 East Ind. Arch. 



IV. Leptobarbina. Anal fin as in last ; dorsal opposite pelvic ; 

 abd. not compressed ; barbels present, not more than 4 ; phar. 

 teeth in triple series. Leptobarbus Bleek, E. Ind. Arch. 



V. Rasborina with Rasbora, from E. Ind. Cont. and Arch, and 

 E. Afr. ; Aniblypharyngodon, Luciosoma, Nuria and Aphyocypris, 

 from E. Ind. Cont. 



VI. Semiplotina with Cyprinion from Syria, Persia, Semi- 

 plotus from Assam. 



VII. Xenocypridina with Xenocypris and Paracanthobrama from 

 China, Mystacoleucus from Sumatra. 



VIII. Leuciscina. Anal fin of short or moderate length, with 

 8-11 branched rays, not extending forwards below the dorsal, 

 which is short and without osseous ray. Barbels generally ; 

 pharyngeal teeth in a single or double series. Leuciscus Klein, 

 white-fish, north temperate zone of both hemispheres ; species 

 found in England are L. rutilus Flem., the roach, said to form hybrids 

 with the bream and rudd ; L. cephalus Flem., the cluib ; L. vul- 



