ANURA. 311 



Schleg., Aust. ; Rhinophrynus Duni. and Bibr., Mexico. Codophnjne, 

 Himalayas. 



Fam. 4. Hylidae. Tree-frogs. Upper jaw toothed (Amphignathodon 

 Blgr. of Ecuador possesses teeth in the lower jaw also), transverse processes 

 of sacral vertebra dilated, terminal phalanges claw-shaped and swollen 

 at the base and carry an adhesive cushion ; vertebrae procoelous, no ribs ; 

 tvTnpanum free or hidden ; with the exception of Hyla arborea and two 

 other species found in N. India and S. China are exclusively American or 

 Australian (absent from Madagascar and Africa). Thoropa Cope, Brazil ; 

 Chlorophilus Baird, X. Amer., Peru, includes the smallest frogs, less than 

 |- in. ; Acris Dum. and Bibr. N. Amer. ; Hyla Laur., pupil horizontal, 

 tympanum distinct or hidden, fingers and toes with adhesive discs, moi"e 

 than 150 species, cosmopolitan except ethiopian region ; H. m-borea L. the 

 tree-frog of Europe ; H. faber Wied., the ferreiro or smith, the female 

 makes pools with mud walls for the eggs (P.Z.S. 1895, p. 89), Brazil ; H. 

 goeldii, eggs carried on back of female, Brazil. Nototrema Giinth. (Noto- 

 delphys Weinl. ), female has a poiich on the back opening behind for recep- 

 tion of eggs, some at least emit tadpoles, trop. Amer. Hylella Reinh. and 

 Liitk. trop. Amer. and Australia. Nyctimaniis Blgr., Ecuador. Agalych- 

 nis Blgr., C. Amer. P/i;(/Z?omedwA"a Wagl., lays its eggs on leaves of plants 

 overhanging water into which the tadpole falls at hatching (Budgett, 

 Q.J. M.S. 42, 1899, p. 313), trop. Amer. Triprion Cope^ Yucatan; 

 Diaglena, Corythomanti><. Ptcrnohyla. 



Fam. 5. Cystignathidae. Upper jaw toothed, transverse processes 

 of sacral vertebra not or but slightly dilated, terminal phalanges never 

 claw-shaped ; auditory organ variable ; a large family exhibiting great 

 variety of habit (aquatic, terrestrial, arboreal, burrowing) and presenting 

 alliances to other families, mostly neotropical, but found also in trop. 

 C. Amer., and in Australia and Tasmania. 



Sub-fam. 1. Hemiphractinae. Teeth in both jaws, vertebrae 

 opisthocoelous, tympanum distinct, S. Amer. Hemiphractus Wagl., 

 Ecuador and Colombia ; Ceratokyla Espada, Ecuador ; Amphodiis 

 Ptrs., Brazil. 



Sub-fam. 2. Cystignathinae. Teetli in upper jaw only, vertebrae 

 procoelous. Pseudis Lam*., with teeth in upper jaw only, fuigers 

 free, toes webbed, pupil horizontal, first finger opposite the others, 

 S. Amer. ; Ps. paradoxa L. 2^ inches, with enormous tadpole to 10 

 inches, Guianas ; Hylodes Fitz., trop. Ainer. ; H. martinicensisTachnda, 

 large eggs, embryo without gills or clefts hatched as perfect frog, 

 W. Indies ; Calyptocephalus Bibr., dermal ossification of cranimn, 

 large tadpoles. Chili, Panama ; Cerafophrys Boie, horned toads, toad- 

 like, some species with a bony dorsal shield in the cutis, eyelid often 

 as an upright triangular appendage, S. Amer. ; Lepidobatrachus 

 Budgett, Paraguay ; Leptodactylus Fitz,., fingers and toes not webbed, 

 trop. Amer. ; Paludicola Wagl., trop. and S. Amer. ; Centrolene Espada, 

 Ecuador ; Cyclorhaniphus Tschudi, Brazil ; Telmalobius Wiegm., 

 W. S. Amer. ; Elosia Tschudi, Bi'azil ; Edalorhina Esp., Ecuador and 

 Peru ; Plectromantis Ptrs., W. S. Amer. ; Limnomedusa Cope, 

 Uruguay ; Hylorhina Bell, Chili ; Borborocoetes Bell, W. S. Amer. ; 

 Zachaenus Cope, Brazil; Hylopsis, S. Amer. ; Chiroleptes Gthr., first 

 finger opposed to the others, Australia ; Heleioporus Gray, Australia ; 

 Linmodynasles Fitz., Australia ; CriniaTsichudi, Australia ; Mixophyes 

 Gthr., Atistralia ; Cryptolis Gthr., Australia ; Hyperolia Cope, Aus- 

 tralia. 



