NOMARTHRA. SIRENIA. 549 



Manis L., with 7 species, in Bunjiah, Malacca, Java, Borneo, Cliina, 

 Formosa, Ceylon, India, Africa. Two extinct genera from the Eocene 

 of France, Necromanis, Leptoiaanis Filhol. 



Fam. 2. Orycteropodidae (Tubulidentata). Hairy body with thoracic 

 and inguinal mammae, and long ears. Dentition diphyodont, the milk 

 teeth not cutting the gums, ~, not all in place at same time, the 3 

 posterior are without predecessors ; the teeth contain parallel tubular 

 prolongations of the central pulp-cavity. Skull with coinplete zygoma 

 and well developed premaxillae, annular tympanic not ankylosed, large 

 lacrymal ; mandible slender with coronoid. Vertebrae C7, D13, L8, S6, 

 C27. ClaA'icles present. Manus without pollex, pes pentadactyle ; 

 femur with a third trochanter. Tongue vermiform, svibmaxillary gland 

 much developed. Stomach in two portions, a cardiac with thick lining 

 and a muscular pyloric with thin lining. A caecum is present. Testes 

 inguinal, descending temporarily into a scrotum ; penis small. Uterus 

 double, placenta broadly zonary. BvuTowing animals, li\-ing near ant- 

 hills ; Africa. Orycteropus Gm., aardvark, or Cape anteaters, two 

 species, 0. capensis Gm., the aardvark of S. Africa ; 0. aethiopicus Sundev. 

 N. E. Afr., extending into Egypt ; an extinct species gaudryi, from Mio- 

 cene of Samos and Persia. The extinct Palaeorycterojnis Filhol, from the 

 Eocene of France. 



Order 4. SIRENIA.* (Sea-cows.) 



Short-necked, thick-skinned, aquatic herbivorous animals, naked 

 or with very sparse hairy covering, with separate anteriorly 

 directed external nares, two pectoral mammae, fin-like anterior 

 limbs and horizontally flattened caudal fln. The posterior limbs 

 are absent. 



The Sirenia are aquatic animals, living in the sea near the 

 coast, in estuaries and in rivers. They are herbivorous and 

 feed on seaweed or freshwater grasses. Their bones are heavy 

 in consequence of which they are able the more easily to lie 

 on the bottom when they are feeding. They have small eyes 

 with a third eyelid, the nostrils are separate from one another 

 and placed on the front of the head, and the ears are without 

 pinnae. The fore-limb is paddle-like and very moveable at all 

 its joints. The digits — five in number — are enclosed in a 



* J. F. Brandt, Sirenae Sirenologicae, St. Petersbiu"g, 1846, 61 and 68. 

 Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, p. 29. W. Turner, Placenta of Dugong ; 

 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 35, 1889, p. 641. J. Murie, On the form and 

 structure of the manatee. Trans. Zool. Soc, 8, 1872, p. 127, and 11, 1880, 

 p. 19. A. Crane, Notes on the habits of manatees in captivity in the 

 Brighton Aquarium, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1881, p. 456. Hartlaub, Beitrage 

 z. Kenntnis der Manatus-arten, Zool. Jahrb., 1886, p. 1. Kiikenthal, 

 Vergl. anat. u. entwick. Unters. an Sirenen, Denksckr. Med. Nat. Ges. 

 Jena, 7, 1897, p. 1, and Ent. der Sirenen, Verh. D.Z. Ges., 7, 1897, p. 140. 

 R. Lydekker, Catalogue of fossil mammalia in the British Musemn. H. 

 Woodward, On the fossil and living Sirenia, Geol. Mag., 2, 1885, p. 12. 



