ARTIODACTYLA. 585 



Fam. (5. Caenotheriidae.* Small animals with selenodont dentition, 

 with 4 complete digits, outer digits not reaching ground, radius and ulna 

 separate ; they are supposed to show affinities to the Tylopoda ; Miocene, 

 Trance. Caenotherium Brav., Plesio7neryx Gervais. Dichobune Cuv., 

 U. Eocene, Europe, with tubercular molars is allied here. 



Fam. 7. Xiphodontidae.f With selenodont molars, feet slender, 

 didactyle, the lateral metacarpals and metatarsals much reduced, reduction 

 inadaptive. Teeth continuous, without gap, canine not enlarged ; last 

 premolars like the molars ; appear to be related to the Tragulidae and 

 Cervidae, U. Eocene, Europe. Xiphodon Cuv., Dichodon Ow., Aniphi- 

 meryx Poniel. 



Fam. 8 Oreodontidae.J Teeth in closed series or with diastema, 

 molars selenodont, u. molars with 4 rarely with 5 crescents, lower canine 

 incisor-like, and anterior premolar assuming its function ; metacarpals 

 and metatarsals separate. Feet tetradactyle, manus sometimes penta- 

 dactyle. U. Eocene to L. Pliocene of N. America. They are closely 

 allied to the Anthracotheriidae and Anoplotheriidae, but not to any 

 living forins. Protoreodon Scott and Osb., Oreodon Leidy, dentition 

 complete, without diasteina, orbit complete, odontoid spoutshaped, said 

 to have had a clavicle. Agriochoerus Leidy, premaxillae toothless, 

 diastema in both jaws, manus with 5, pes with 4 digits, apparently 

 ending in claws, § pollex, wliich is small and functionless, apparently 

 occupies an opposable position. 



Ruminantia.jl 



Living selenodont Artiodactyls with complicated stomach; usually with- 

 out incisors in the upper jaw, or with only one pair ; three pairs of incisors 

 in lower jaw with an incisiform canine applied to them ; p f m | ; meta- 

 podia 3 and 4 always united to a cannon bone (metacarpals remain long 

 separate in Hyomo.ichus). Digits 2 and 5 always reduced and frequently 

 absent ; horns provided with a bony core generally present. The 

 stomach of a typical ruminant (Fig. 306) is divided into fom' chambers, of 

 which two — the rumen and reticulum — may be regarded as belonging to 

 the cardiac, and two — the psalterivim and abomasvim — to the pyloric 

 division. The runaen or paunch is a large sac on the cardiac side with a 

 papillated lining. It opens by a wide aperture into the smaller reticulum 

 the lining of which is raised into a number of folds which bound small 

 hexagonal cells. The reticulum opens into the psalterium which is part 

 of the pyloric division ; it is tubular and its lining is produced into a number 

 of longitudinal lammelliform folds, which bear some resemblance to the 

 leaves of a book (hence the name). The fourth chamber is the abomasum 

 or rennet-stomach ; it has a vascular glandular lining and is the digestive 

 chamber of the stomach. The oesophagus opens at the junction of the 

 paunch and the reticulum and there is a groove bounded by muscular 



* Filhol, Ann. Sci. GeoL, 8, 1877 and 10, 1879. Owen, Palaeontology, 

 1860. Lydekker, Cat. of the Fo/^s. Mam. in the B.M. 1885-7. 



t Cuvier,.Ossem. Foss., 3, 1812. 



X Scott, Morph. Jahrh., 16, 1890, p. 319. 



§ Wortman, Btdl. Amer. Mus. N. Hist , 7, 1895, p. 145. In spite of 

 th.is remarkable feature, the animal appears to have been digitigrade. 



II Rlltimeyor, Fauna der Pfahlbaute.n. Id., Versuoh einer natiirlichen 

 Geschichte des Rindes, Denksrh. der Schiveize?- Natiirf. Gesellschaft, 22 

 and 23. Sundevall Methodische Ubers. iib. d. ivied erkauenden Thiere, 2 

 Theale, 1847. 



