586 



UNGULATA. 



folds leading from it to the psalterium. The lips of these folds can be 

 approximated so as to convert the groove into a canal leading from the 

 oesophagus to the psalterium. The food when first swallowed passes into the 

 rumen and reticulum and remains there, mixed with swallowed saliva 

 until the animal has eaten what it requires. It then lies down to chew the 

 cud or ruminate. The first part of this process is akin to vomiting, 

 portions of the swallowed food being successively regurgitated into the 

 mouth, by a contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles and a 

 reversed peristalsis of the oesophageal muscles. Tn the mouth it is 

 thoroughly mas- 

 ticated and then 

 again swal- 

 lowed. But now 

 the finely tri- 

 turated food 

 does not stay in 

 the paunch but 

 passing along 

 the groove, the 

 lips of which 

 may be approxi- 

 mated, it enters 

 the psalterium 

 throvigh which it 

 passes into the 

 a b o m a s vi m , 

 where it is sub- 

 mitted to the 

 action of the 

 gastric juices. 

 In the Tragu- 

 lidae and the 

 Camelidae the 

 stomach is very 

 similar in its 

 main features, 

 but the psalter- 

 ium is reduced 

 or absent. The 

 placenta is 

 generally coty- 



ledonary, i.e. the villi of the chorion are concentrated into a number 

 of bunches or cotyledons, the intermediate portions being devoid of 

 papillae. 



The Ruminantia comprise the Camelidae, Tragulidae, and Pecora. 



Fam. i). Camelidae (Tylopoda). Without horns • i^^ cj p i|^mf ; 

 the dentition is complete in some of the extinct, but reduced in the liv- 

 ing ; grinders selenodont, hypsodont. Arches of the cervical vertebrae 

 perforated by the vertebrarterial canal as in Macrauchenidae ; orbit 

 enclosed, tympanic bullae filled with spongj' bone. Ulna reduced and 

 ankylosed to radius, fibula represented only by its distal end, the malleolar 

 bone, which is articulated to the lower end of the tibia and to the cal- 

 caneum. Trapezoid and magnum, cviboid and navicular distinct, cunei- 

 forms 2 and 3 fused ; feet tetra- or didactvle, outer toes absent in recent 



Fig. 306. — A stomach of a sheep, B of Traguhis. oe oesophagus, 

 Ru rumen, Ret retioulum. Ps psalterium. A, Ab abomasum, Dv 

 duodenum, Py pylorus (from Huxley). 



