ARTIODACTYLA, RUMINATIA. 591 



Nesotragus v. Diib., with 2 sp. Neotragus H. Smith, with 1 sp. includes 

 the royal antelope, only 10 inches high. Madoqua Og., with 6 sp. 



Sub-fam. 4. Cervicaprinae. Waterbncks and reedbucks. Afr. ; 

 horns in male only. Cobus A. Sm., with 13 sp., waterbucks. Cervi- 

 capra Blainv., with 5 sp., reedbucks. Pelea Gray, with 1 sp. 



Sub-fam. 5. Antilopinae. Horns sometimes in both sexes, Palae- 

 arctic. Oriental and Ethiopian. Antilope Pall., with 1 sp., black-buck, 

 India. Aepyceros Sundev., with 2 sp., includes the palla, Afr. Saiga 

 Gray, with 1 sp., E. Eur. and W. Asia. Pantholops Hodg., with 2 sp. 

 the chiru, Thibet. Antidorcas Sundev., with 1 sp., the springbok, 

 Afr. Gazella Blainv., with 25 sp., Palaearctic and Ethiopian. Am- 

 modorcas Thom., with 1 sp., Somaliland. Lithocranius Kohl., with 

 1 sp., Afr. Dorcatragus Noack, with 1 sp., a pigmy form, Somaliland. 



Sub-fam. 6. Hippotraginae. Large animals with long horns in 

 both sexes, xi. molars like those of oxen; Afr. Hippotragus Simdev., 

 with 5 sp., includes the sable antelope, blaubok, equine antelope, 

 Baker's antelope. Oryx Blainv., with 6 sp., Afr., extending into 

 Arabia and Syria, horns in both sexes, includes the leucoryx, gemsbok, 

 the beisa. Addax Rafin., 1 sp., N. Afr. and Arabia. 



Sub-fam. 7. Tragelaphinae. Large bovine antelopes, Afr., with 

 one Oriental genus, horns usually in male only. Boselaphus Blainv., 

 1 sp., the nilghai of India, female hornless. Tragelaphus Blainv., 6 

 sp., the harnessed antelopes, includes the guib, nakong, bushbvick. 

 Oreas Desmar., 2 sp., includes the eland, both sexes horned, the 

 largest antelope ; and Strepsiceros H. Sm., the kudu. 



Sub-fam. 8. Rupicaprinae. Intermediate between the antelopes 

 and goats, Palaearctic and Oriental with one N. American genus. 

 Horns in both sexes. Rupicapra Blainv., 1 sp., the chamois. Nemor- 

 rhaedus H. Sm., 16 sp.. Oriental, includes the goral,serow, cambing- 

 utan. Haplocerus H. Sm., 1 sp., the Rocky-mountain goat, California. 

 Budorcas Hodg., 1 sp., the takin of Assam. 



Sub-fam. 9. Caprinae. Sheep and goats, both sexes with horns, 

 mainly Palaearctic, unknown before the Pliocene. Hemitragus Hodg., 



3 sp. Capra L., 13 sp., goats and ibex, both sexes homed, horns 

 flattened, males with strong odour, mountains of S. Eur., Abyssinia, 

 Persia, Himalayas, Thibet, N. China, the Nilgherries. Ovift L., 22 sp., 

 sheep, male without odour and beard, mainly Palaearctic, also 

 Oriental and 1 sp., in N. America, essentially mountain animals. 

 Sheep are not known before the Pleistocene. The origin of the 

 domestic sheep is not known. Ovibos Blainv., 1 sp., the musk-ox, 

 Northern part of N. Amer. 



Sub-fam. 10. Bovinae. Oxen. Horns in both sexes, muffle 

 naked, broad, moist , not found in S. Amer. or Madagascar ; one 

 Nearctic species. Anoa H. Sm., 1 sp., Celebes. Buffelus Riit., 7 sp., 

 buffaloes, India, Africa, B. caffer from the Cape. Bibos Hodgs., 



4 sp., the gaur, India, the gayal, Indo-China, the banteng, Indo-China 

 and the Islands. Poephagus Gray., 2 sp. Bison H. Sm., 2 sp., the 

 American bison, and the aurochs {B. bonasus) of Europe. Bos L., 

 1 sp., now only known in the domestic state, including the varieties, 

 scoticus, primi genius (extinct, Pleistocene), urus, etc. The Chillingham 

 cattle are supposed to be but little modified descendants of B. primi- 

 genius. Numerous extinct genera are known from the Miocene on- 

 wards of Europe. They first appear in the Middle Miocene. 



