ANTHROPOMORPHIDAE. 659 



Erxl., guenons, muzzle shorter, ischial callosities moderate, tail 

 long, last lower m. without talon ; about 40 sp., Africa ; G. diana, 

 Diana monkey ; C. callitrichus, green monkey ; G. lalandi, the 

 verv^et. Miopithecus T. Geoff r., talapoin, like the last, but the 

 lower molars have only 3 cusps. 



The extinct Oreopithecus Gerv., from the Pliocene of Italy, is in- 

 cluded here. 



Sub-fam. 2. Semnopithecinae. More purely herbivorous, without 

 cheek pouches, with sacculated stomach, long tail ; the build is 

 slender and the hind limbs are longer than the fore. In the skvill 

 the frontal region is more rounded and the facial angle smaller than 

 in the Cercopithecinae. The stomach is divided into 3 chambers, of 

 which the middle is sacculated. Semno pith ecus F. Cuv., langurs, 

 with small poUex, and narial aperture extending upwards between the 

 orbits; Asia, from the Himalayas (S. schistaceus) at 11,000 ft. to 

 Borneo and Sumatra ; about 29 sp. S. entellus, the sacred ape of 

 the Hindoos. Golobus IHig., guerezas, poUex absent or reduced 

 to a tubercle with or without a nail, arboreal, celebrated for their 

 skins, 11 sp., Afr. Nasalis E. Geoffr., proboscis monkeys, the nose 

 is produced into a proboscis in the adult, 1 sp., Borneo. Rhino- 

 pithecus A. M.-Edw., 1 sp., China. 



The extinct Mesopithecus Wag., from the Miocene of Greece, and 

 Dolichopithecus Dep. from the Pliocene of France are placed here. 

 Fam. 4. Anthropomorphidae * (Simiidae). Erect or semi-erect animals. 

 In the former case progression is effected entirely on the hind limbs ; in 

 the latter the anterior limbs, which are in this case longer than the pos- 

 terior, may be used to assist in locomotion, the tips of the fingers or the 

 knuckles being applied to the ground. The body is covered with hair, 

 but in one genus {Homo) it is much reduced, especially on the back. The 

 pollex is always and the hallux usually opposable, and all the digits, 

 except in Hylobates, have flat nails. A tail is always absent. Cheek 

 pouches are also absent, and ischial callosities except in Hylobates. Den- 

 tition ^ # c y p f m f , in closed series in Homo, but with a slight dias- 

 tema between the incisors and canine in the other genera : the inner 

 upper and the outer lower incisors are larger than the others ; the canines 

 project except in Hom,o ; the molars have 4 cusps (except the 2nd lower 

 molar, which has 5), the inner and outer alternating, without transverse 

 ridges ; the last lower molar with or without weak talon ; i;pper pre- 

 molars broader than long, bicuspidate. The skull varies, but in all the 

 frontal region is well developed and the facial angle small. Supraorbital 

 and occipital ridges are present in all except Homo. In Hylobates and 

 Anthropopithecus the sagittal crest is absent, and the occipital (lamb- 

 doidal) small. The alisphenoids usually meet the parietal in Hylobates, 

 Simia and Homo, but in Anthropopithecus and Gorilla they ai'e cut off 

 by the union of the frontal and squamosal. There is a bony external 

 auditory meatus. The frontals meet in the base of the skull over the 

 ethmopresphenoidal suture in Hylobates and Gorilla, but not in 

 Anthropopithecus, Simia and Homo. The mastoid projects in Homo, 

 but not in the other genera. There is no ossified styloid process, 



* Hartmann, Anthropoid Apes, Internat. Sci. Series, London, 1885. 

 H. O. Forbes, op. cit. Huxley, Man's Place in Nature, London, 1894 

 (Collected Essays, vol. 7). 



