VIII ECHINODEBMATA—PHYLOGENY 545 



to the Inadunata, especially to the so-called Larviformia (<;/'. pp. 303, 328, etc. ), 

 is so striking as to be at once recognisable. 



The calyx, with the arms, sooner or later breaks away from the stalk, and 



can either move liy u.sing the arms as jiathHes or eateli on to olijects liy means of its 

 cirri. When it Ijreaks loose from the stalk, some of the uppermost whorl joints on 

 which cirri liave formed remain connected with it ; these fuse with one another, and 

 with tlie centrodorsal. The basals, again, fuse to form a rosette, which is .soon over- 

 grown on all sides by the large apical centrodorsal plate. 



XXII. Phylogeny. 



No other phylum of the animal kingdom is so sharply marked off from all others 

 as the Echinoderms. Their organisation is in all points strange ; even the radiate 

 structure is strange, in so far as it is, unlike that of many Codenterata, only a mask 

 which hides a com])licated and hitherto inexplicable asymmetry. We are not in a 

 position to compare an adult Echinodenn with the adult representative of any other 

 phylum from a phylogenetic standpoint. 



The difficulties which meet us in attempting to reconstruct the phylogenesis of 

 the Echinodermata are still further increased by the fact that the typical charac- 

 teristic Echinoderm larva cannot at any stage of its development be compared with 

 the adult or larval form of any other animal. An exception to this statement may, 

 however, perhaj)s, lie made in favour of the Unterojmcusta, which will be described in 

 the next chapter. 



If, taking the gastrsea theory as a foundation, we assume for the Metazoa a 

 common bilaminar racial form, it seems, in view of the above-mentioned difficulties, 

 that the racial form of the Echinodermata must have branched off extraordinarily 

 early, perhaps at a stage corresponding phylogenetically with the gastrula. By such 

 an assumption, the Echinoderms and their larvaj would be removed from the sphere 

 of comparative anatomy and comparative embryology, except in so far as such com- 

 parative enquiry were limited to the Echinoderm phylum itself. 



It appears to us, however, that attempts to approximate the Echinodermata to 

 Metazoa standing higher than the Ctelenterata should not be abandoned. Recent 

 anatomical and ontogenetic researches have brought to light facts which open up new 

 prospects. AVe may mention the demonstration of a neural plate and of a larval 

 nervous system, the attempts to demonstrate that there are two pairs of enterocoel 

 vesicles, the proof that the first rudiments of the gonads proceed from the endothe- 

 lium of the ccelom, the suggestion that the stone canal or the hydropore should be 

 regarded as a nephridial canal, etc. 



All this, of course, does not justify us in closely comparing the Echinoderm larva 

 with other definite forms, adult or larval, belonging to Metazoan classes higher than 

 the Ccelenterata, except perhaps the Enteropneusta. But these discoveries and ncAv 

 views tend to make the Echinoderm body appear somewhat less strange, since we 

 find in its organisation important points in which it is fundamentally in agreement 

 with the so-called Triploblastica. 



It cannot be doubted, and has never been doubted, that the Echinodermata form 

 a distinct, naturally marked out phylum of the animal kingdom, or, in the language 

 of Phylogeny, that all Echinoderms have had a common racial form. 



Within the phylum of the Echinodermata, further, the classes are again quite dis- 

 tinct and naturally marked off from one another. Among known Echinoderms, 

 there are no intermediate forms between the Fclniatozoa, the Holothurioideu, the 

 Echinoidca, the Asterokka, and the Ophiuroiclea. Every known Echinoderm can at 

 once be recognised as either an Echinoid, an Asteroid, a Holothurld, etc. The Cystidca 

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