63. 
64. 
60. 
66. 
67. 
68. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 13 
. 1854 Exrenserc, C.G. Mikrogeologie. 
Numerous detached Sponge spicules from fossil and sub-fossil deposits are 
figured, but no reference to their characters is given; the general term 
Spongolithis is applied to them all, and a distinctive name is given to every 
variety of form, though evidently many of these belong to the same species. 
1854 Suarez, D. On the Age of the Fossiliferous Sands and Gravels of 
Faringdon (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. x, p. ilo deals WAY. 
Sixteen species of fossil Sponges are enumerated; some new forms 
are placed in the genus Manon, and others are erroneously referred 
to species described by Lamouroux and Goldfuss from the Upper Greensand. 
No reference is made to the fact that the Faringdon examples are exclusively 
calcisponges. 
1854 Manrrit, G. A. Medals of Creation, 2nd edition. 
It is stated, in opposition to D’Orbigny, that keratose Sponges are abun- 
dant as fossils. Most of the Sponges from the Chalk and Greensand are 
apparently referred to this group, and included under Spongites. Siphonia 
and Choanites are regarded as distinct genera; the latter is supposed to have 
been originally of a soft gelatinous substance strengthened by spicula, but the 
spicula figured do not belong to this genus. 
1854 Morris, J. A Catalogue of British Fossils, 2nd edition. 
Under the heading Amorphozoa, 148 species of Sponges are enumerated, 
which are placed in thirty-one genera. About nineteen of these genera are 
now regarded as obsolete. 
1855 M‘Coy, F. Systematic Description of the British Palzeozoic Fossils in 
the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge. 
In a footnote it is stated that no Amorphozoa are described in the work, 
but two species of Steganodictywm (now known to be the shields of fishes) are 
figured as Sponges. Pyritonema fasciculus, the root-appendage of a hexacti- 
nellid Sponge, is compared with Hyalonema, then regarded as a Zoophyte ; and 
Tetragonis Danbyi (now Dictyophyton) is placed in the order Cystidea. 
1858 Entry, H. Geology in the Garden, or the Fossils in the Flint Pebbles. 
Describes and figures various forms of detached monactinellid, tetracti- 
nellid and hexactinellid spicules from the interior of flints, and concludes that 
Sponges were most prevalent in the Chalk Seas (pp. 177—184, Pl. I). 
1858 Qurnstept, F. A. Der Jura. 
Specific descriptions, limited, however, to superficial characters, are given 
of most of the Jurassic Sponges, and the previous classification of the author 
is followed. 
