26 
140. 
141. 
143. 
144, 
BRITISH FOSSIL SPONGES. 
are classified, and some are shown to be similar to those described by Carter 
from Greensand strata. 
1877 Carrer, H.J. On a Fossil species of Sarcohexactinellid Sponge allied to 
Hyalonema (din. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. 4, vol. xx, p. 176). 
A provisional notice of the presence of spicules of this group of Sponges in 
Carboniferous strata. 
1877 Youne, J.,and Younc, J. On a Carboniferous Hyalonema and other 
Sponges from Ayrshire (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. 4, vol. xx, pp. 
425—432, Pls. XIV, XV). 
Numerous detached hexactinellid spicules, with others of anomalous form, 
and portions of elongated spicular rods, are regarded as belonging to a Sponge 
of the existing genus Hyalonema. Also a fibrous Sponge in which no spicules 
could be recognised is placed in a new genus, Haplistion. 
. 1877 Travtscnotp, H. Ueber Kreidefossilien Russlands (Bull. de la Soc. imp. 
des nat. de Moscou, vol. 52, p. 339, PI. vi). 
Describes various species which are placed in the genera Oupulispongia, 
Porospongia, and Placuntarion. Nothing is stated of their minute structures. 
1877 Zirren, K. A. Studien iiber fossile Spongien. 1 Abtheil., Hexacti- 
nellidze (Abhandl. d.k. bayer. Akad. der Wissenschaften, I Cl., xiii Bd., 
pp. 1—63, Pls. I—IV). 
Describes the systematic position, the condition of preservation, the charac- 
ters, and the classification of fossil hexactinellids. Their skeletal structures 
are shown to possess the closest relationship to those of recent hexactinellids 
from the depths of the ocean, and they are very distinctly marked off from the 
Lithistids. Two main divisions are constituted (1) Lyssakina, in which the 
skeletal spicules are, as a rule, detached from each other, and only held in 
position by the sarcode ; and (2) Dictyonina, in which the skeletal spicules are 
fused together in a regular manner, so as to forma connected lattice-like mesh 
with cubical or polyhedral interspaces. Jn this latter division are included the 
following families ; Astylospongida, Euretide, Coscinoporide, Mellitionide, Ven- 
triculitide, Stawrodermide, Meandrospongide, Callodictyonide, and Coelopty- 
chide, whilst in the Lyssakina are included Monakide, Marshall ; Pleionakida, 
Mars.; and Pollakide, Mars. Numerous new genera are proposed and dia- 
enoses of them given. 
1877 Zirrer, K. A. Beitriige zur Systematik der fossilen Spongien (Erster 
Th.) Neues Jahrbuch, pp. 337—378, Pls. I—V). 
For the most part a reprint from the “ Studien” referred to above. 
