30 
162 
163 
164 
165 
166. 
167 
BRITISH FOSSIL SPONGES. 
. 1878 Zirrer, K. A. Zur Stammes-Geschichte der Spongien (Festschrift zwm 
Jubiliwm des Prof. von Siebold, pp. 1—20). 
Refers to the recent investigations into the embryology of living Sponges 
as proving their Metazoal character. Sponges generally are ranked under 
seven orders, Mywospongie, Ceraospongie, Monactinellide, Tetractinellide, 
Lithistide, Hexactinellide, and Calcispongie. The geological history of Sponges 
is given, and it is shown that even in the Paleozoic period six of the main orders 
were present, and even then distinctly marked off from each other, so that 
there is no paleontological evidence to show the original stock from which 
they have descended. 
. 1878 Zrrrer, K. A. Ueber Jura-Spongien (Neues Jahrbuch, pp, 58—62). 
Reference is made to the descriptions and figures of Jurassic hexactinellid 
Sponges in Heft 2 of vol. v of Quenstedt’s Petrefaktenkunde, and they are 
compared with those described by Zittel in the “ Studien,” pt. 1. 
. 1878 Zirren, K. A. Studien itber fossile Spongien, 2te Abtheilung, 
Lithistide (Abh. der k. bayer. Akad. der Wiss., II Cl., xiii Bd., pp. 67— 
154, Pls. I—X). 
Shows that a large group of fossil Sponges possessed the same spicular 
structures as the recent Lithistids of Oscar Schmidt. Their spicular characters 
are described in detail, and the order is divided according to the character of 
their elementary spicules into the following four families, Rhizomorina, Mega- 
morina, Anomocladina, and Tetracladina. In each of these families new genera 
are proposed, based mainly on the character of the canal-system, and modifi- 
cations of their dermal surfaces. The structural characters are fully illus- 
trated. 
. 1878 Zirrer, K. A. Beitriige zur Systematik der fossilen Spongien. 2te. Th. 
Lithistiden (Neves Jahrbuch, pp. 561—618, Pls. VII—X). 
A reprint from the “ Studien” in ‘Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss.,’ II 
Cl., xin Bd. 
1878 Zirret, K. A. Studies on Fossil Sponges, II, Lithistidas (Ann. and Mag. 
Nat. Hist., 8. 5, vol. ii, pp. 118—135, 235—248, 324—341, 385—394, 
46/—482, Pl. VIII). 
Translated by W. 8. Dallas from the “Studien” in ‘ Abh. d. k. bayer. 
Akad. der Wiss.,’ II Cl., Bd. xiii, Abth i, pp. 67—154. 
. 1878 Zirrer, K. A. Studien iiber fossile Spongien, 8tte Abtheilung, 
Monactinellidz, Tetractinellide, und Calcispongie (Abh. der. k. bayer. 
Akad. der Wiss, II Cl., xiii Bd., II Ab., pp. 93—138, Pls. XI—XID. 
Fossil Monactinellid Sponges are shown to be a small and unimportant 
