32 
175. 
ful 
sJ 
_— 
=) 
Lhe. 
BRITISH FOSSIL SPONGES. 
Sponges. Receptaculites, Ischadites, and Tetragonis are regarded as aberrant 
types of Foraminifera. 
1879 Sinzow, J. On Calcareous Sponges from the Government of Saratow 
(Russian) (J'rans. (Zapiski) New Russian Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, 
pp. 1—40). 
1879 Carrer, H. J. On Holasterella, a Fossil Sponge of the Carboniferous 
Hra, &e. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. 5, vol. iti, pp. 141—150, PI. 
XX1). 
Describes a club-shaped Sponge, which is stated to be built up of stellate 
spicules, with normally twelve rays or arms. The genus is placed in the 
Suberitida, under Holorhaphidota. 
1879 Mazzerrt e Manzoni. Le Spugne fossile di Montese (Atti. de la Soe. 
Toscani det sct. nat., vol. iv, p. 57, 2 pls.). 
The existence is shown of hexactinellid and lithistid Sponges in the 
Montese marls, which are of Miocene age. Their skeletal structures have 
been replaced by calcite. The species are not determined. 
1879 Hannay, J. B. On Siliceous Fossilisation (Mem. of the Lit. and Phil. Soe. 
of Manchester, 8. 3, vol. vi, p. 234). 
Describes the present state of preservation of the spicules of Hyalonema 
Smithii and traces the various changes in the silica arising from fossilisation. 
1879 Worckenen, H. Ueber das Vorkommen von Spongien im Hilssandstein. 
Zusatz zu vorstehendem Aufsatz, von Herrn Zittel (Zeitsch d. deutsch. 
geol. Gesell., Bd. 31, pp. 663—667). 
Large, irregular, siliceous masses, numerous in the Sandstone, are regarded 
as siliceous Sponges, but Zittel points out that these are not Sponges, though 
they result from the solution of the detached spicules of Sponges, of which 
negative casts remain. The rock is therefore a Sponge deposit mostly of 
monactinellid spicules. Zittel records similar deposits in the Upper Lias of 
the Tyrol, and in the Rheetic of Upper Bavaria, as well as in the Cretaceous 
strata of Westphalia. 
1879 Duneoay, P. M. Onsome Spheroidal Lithistid Spongida from the Upper 
Silurian Formation of New Brunswick (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
S. 38, vol. iv., pp. 84—91, Pl. IX). 
The structure of a new genus, Hindia, is described and figured. It is stated 
to be built up of tripod-shaped spicules, but the sponge is regarded as having 
originally been composed of carbonate of lime. 
