179. 
180. 
US: 
183. 
184. 
185. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 33 
1880 Sornas, W. J. Onthe Structure and Aflinities of the genus Protospongia 
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvi, pp. 362—867, figs. 1, 2). 
Describes the form and arrangement of the spicules; they are regarded as 
separate, and not united either by envelopment in a common coating or by 
ankylosis ; the Sponge is consequently placed in the Lyssakina division of 
Aittel. 
1880 Sontas, W. J. On the Flint Nodules of the Trimingham Chalk (Annals 
and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, pp. 884—395, 437—461, Pls. XTX, XX). 
Describes various forms of detached spicules of Tetractinellid and Lithistid 
Sponges obtained from the soft chalk surrounding the flints. The spicules 
are for the most part placed in new genera and species. 
1880 Gimenr, C. W. Spongien-Nadeln im Flysch. (Verh. d. hk. k. geol. 
Reichsan. Wien, pp. 213—215). 
States that in many localities the “ Flysch’ 
and Bavarian Alps is largely composed of detached Sponge-spicules ; they 
are invariably present in a peculiar, fine-grained, siliceous limestone. Notices 
’ 
of the North-eastern Swiss 
also, that rocks of Neocomian age from Rossfeld, and certain strata of Lias 
age from Algiiu and elsewhere are similarly composed of an aggregate of 
Sponge-spicules. 
1880 Carter, H. J. On Fossil Sponge-Spicules from the Carboniferous 
strata of Ben Bulben near Sligo (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, 
pp. 209—214, Pl. XIV, B). 
Describes detached spicules of Ieniera and of a lithistid Sponge, and also 
hexactinellid spicules with bifureate and spiral rays, which are referred to 
Holasterella. 
1880 Srninmann, G. Mikroskopischen Thierreste aus dem deutschen Kohlen- 
kalk (Zeitsch. d. deutschen geol. Gesell., Bd. 32, p. 395, Pl. XIX). 
Describes and figures an umbrella-shaped spicule from the Carboniferous 
Limestone of Ratingen near Dusseldorf, under Hyalostelia Smithii. 
1880 Hinpn, G. J. Fossil Sponge-Spicules from the Upper Chalk, pp. 1—83, 
Pls. I—V. 
Describes and figures a great variety of detached spicules, obtained from 
the interior of a flint nodule. These are referred to different genera of 
monactinellid, tetractinellid, lithistid, and hexactinellid Sponges. 
1880 Romer, Furp. Lethaa geognostica (1 Th., Lethaa paleozoica). 
The family Leceptaculitide is placed provisionally with Foraminifera, and 
Dietyophyton is regarded as similar to T'etragonis. The following genera 
are described as true palwozoic Sponges, Astylospongia, Paleomanon, Prota- 
0 
