bo 
S 
bo 
204. 
205. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 37 
structure agrees so closely with that of the existing family of Lewcones, Heeck., 
that they should properly be included in it. Further, regards the fibres of 
these Sponges as not original structures but of secondary origin, produced 
wholly by the process of fossilization. Refutes in detail the objections raised 
by Steinmann to their spongeous nature, and fully confirms the previous results 
of Zittel and Hinde. 
. 1883 Carter, H. J. Further Observations on the so-called ‘ Farringdon 
Sponges’ (Calcispongix, Zittel), followed by a description of an 
existing species of a lke kind (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. 5, 
vol. xi, pp. 20—87, Pl. I). 
Confirms the observations of Hinde on fossil calcisponges, and acknow- 
ledges that they are rightly referred to this group. Thinks, however, that 
Pharetrospongia Strahant, Sollas, and some species of Stellispongia, in which 
only acerate spicules have been detected, cannot be claimed as calcisponges, 
but that they are siliceous Sponges with their structures replaced by calcite. 
Describes a recent form, Leucetta clathrata, in which the fibres are solid, as 
in the Pharetrones. 
. 1883 Carrer, H. J. Spicules of Spongilla in the Diluvium of the Altmihl 
Valley, Bavaria (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. 5, vol. xu, pp. 329— 
333, Pl. XIV). 
Detached spicules of the body-skeleton and of the gemmules are recog- 
nised as belonging to Meyenia (Spongilla) erinacea, Ehr. 
1883 Carter, H. J. On the Microscopic Structure of thin slices of Fossil 
Calcispongize (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. 5, vol. xu, pp. 26—30). 
Refers to projecting pin-like spicules on the surface of Verticillites anas- 
tomosans, Mant., and to the changes in the fossilization of Pharetrones. 
1883 Sotias, W. J. The Group Spongie (Cassell’s Natural History, vol. vi, 
pp. 312—331, figures). 
Refers nearly exclusively to recent Sponges and only the geological appear- 
ance of the fossil forms mentioned. States that no fossil Sponge unquestion- 
ably belonging to the Calcispongiz has, up to this time, been described. The 
Monaxonide, on the evidence of Clhona borings, are concluded to have been 
in existence in early Palsozoic times ; Pharetrospongia Strahani is said to be a 
large Renierine Sponge, the best preserved and most certainly demonstrated 
example yet known; the Lithistide are said to occur from the Upper 
Cambrian to the Tertiary, and the Hexactinellide from the Lower Cambrian 
upwards. 
