BIBLIOGRAPHY. 7 
are supposed to have been soft and gelatinous in the living condition. Most 
of the Sponges are from the Jurassic and Cretaceous strata. The figures are 
very faithful; in some instances the spicular structure has been represented, 
as well as the Sponge itself. 
25. 1833 Woopwarp, 8. An Outline of the Geology of Norfolk. 
Under the heading of Polypi a list of seven species of Sponges is given, in 
which Celoptychium agaricoides, Goldf., and Ventriculites infundibuliformis, 
n. sp., are included. ‘These are figured but not described. 
26. 1834 Braryvittn, H. M. pp. Manuel d’Actinologie. 
30. 
Sponges are placed in the group Amorphozoaires; fossil Sponges are 
regarded as of the same nature as living ones, and, in some cases, both fossil 
and existing species are placed (though incorrectly) in the same genus. The 
author accepts Goldfuss’s theory respecting the character of their fibres. For 
Sponges with skeletal spicules of carbonate of lime, the term Calcispongia is 
proposed. The figures given are mostly reproductions from the works 
of Lamouroux and Goldfuss. 
1835 Parties, Joun. The Geology of Yorkshire, vol. i. 
Names are given to fifteen of the commoner species of Sponges from the 
Upper Chalk of Flamborough, Yorkshire. They are included under the generic 
term Spongia; there are no descriptions, and the figures are of so rude a 
character that there is great difficulty in recognising the forms supposed to 
be represented. 
1836 Sowgrsy, J. pe C. Descriptive Notes, &e. (Trans. Geol. Soc., 
ser. 2, vol. iv). 
A description is given of Siphonia pyriformis (now S. twlipa, Zitt.) from 
the Upper Greensand, Blackdown, and on Pl. XV a, excellent illustrations 
are furnished of various examples showing the canal-structures. 
1837 Histncer, W. Letheea suecica. 
Two species of Siphonia (now Astylospongia) are mentioned, 8. premorsa 
and S. stipitata. 
1839 Rormnr, F. A. Die Versteinerungen des norddeutschen Oolithen-Gebirges. 
Nachtrag. 
The fossil Sponges are mostly calcisponges ; they are placed under Tragos 
and Scyphia. 
1839 Luv, J. E. Undescribed Zoophytes from the Yorkshire Chalk (Mag. 
Nat. Hist., vol. iii, pp. 10—17, figs. 1—15). 
The forms are lithistid Sponges, which are placed in the genera Siphonia 
and Spongia; only their superficial characters are referred to. 
