14. 
15. 
16. 
ite 
18. 
9: 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 5 
are believed to have had powers of contraction and expansion, and the radiating 
ridges of the under surface of the Sponge are stated to be fasciculi of muscular 
fibres. 
1816 Smrra, W. Strata identified by Organised Fossils. 
Figures are given of species of Ventriculites and Cephalites from the Upper 
Chalk under the name of flint Aleyonites. Specimens of Doryderma, Siphonia, 
and Tremacystia from the Upper Greensand are similarly placed under Alcyo- 
nites. These fossils are not described. 
1820 Konia, C. Icones fossilium sectiles. 
Four species of hexactinellid Sponges from Jurassic strata are placed in the 
genus Spongus, as Polypi, ordo incertus. The author remarks that these and 
similar fossils are usually regarded as Alcyonia, but that true Alcyonia are 
unknown in the fossil condition. 
1820 Scutotuem, EH. F. vy. Die Petrefaktenkunde. 
In this work fossil Sponges are not distinguished from Corals. Some 
are named Fungiten and others Alcyonites, whilst under the term Spongiten 
are included true Corals. 
1820 Souweiccer, A. F. Handbuch d. Naturges. d. skeletlosen ungegliederten 
Thiere. 
Recent Sponges are regarded as Corals without polyps, and are placed under 
three leading groups or genera, Achillewm, Manon or Tragos, and Scyphia. 
These generic terms were subsequently very generally adopted for fossil 
Sponges. 
1821 Lamovrovx, J. Exposition méthodique des Genres de l’ordre des Poly- 
piers. 
The fossil Sponges described and figured are classified in a peculiar manner. 
The genus Hudea, a calcisponge, is placed in the order Millepora; Hallirhoa, 
a lithistid, in the order Alcyonia, whilst the nearly allied genus Jerea is placed 
in the order Actinaires, together with Chenendopora, Hippalimus, and 
Lymnorea. These bodies are stated to have been soft in their living condi- 
tion, and capable of expansion and contraction. 
1822 Parkinson, J. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains. 
Fossil Sponges are definitely recognised as of the same nature as recent 
forms, and their occurrence is noted in the Lower Greensand of Faringdon, 
the Upper Greensand of Wiltshire, and in the flints of the Upper Chalk. They 
are placed in the tribe Zoophytes. The genus Siphonia is defined, and its 
principal character is stated to be “‘a spongeous substance, pierced by a bundle 
