14 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 
Mr. G. W. Whitman and Dr. F. W. Bancroft, of Concord, Cal., and Mr. 
G. W. Langdon, of Suisun, Cal., for their hearty cooperation in fur- 
nishing labor and material to help in the experiments. 
LIFE-HISTORY NOTES ON THE CODLING MOTH IN CALIFORNIA. 
OVERWINTERING LARVE. 
Many codling-moth larve could be found in the orchards and 
around the packing sheds during the winter of 1908-9, but all obser- 
vations go to show that a comparatively small percentage of the larvee 
maturing in fruit the previous season went through the winter suc- 
cessfully. This may be partly explained by the fact that the pears 
are picked and taken to the sheds while a large percentage of the 
second-brood larve is still in the fruit. Many of these larve are 
destroyed or taken so far away that the adults fail to get back to the 
trees in spring. However, larvee were frequently found under old 
burlap bands left on trees, and in the cracks and crevices and under 
rough bark. 
SPRING BROOD OF PUP. 
The earliest date of actual pupation was not observed, but the first 
pupa was found on March 11, 1909. In removing the bands from 
seven pear trees in the Ygnacio Valley near Walnut Creek, 8 larve 
and 2 pupx were found. The next day, March 12, 32 larve and 6 
pupx were fourid in the same orchard. March 22, another search 
showed 7 larve and 6 pupe. On March 23, while looking through 
some boxes at a vinegar factory, 16 larve and 9 pupe were found. 
These boxes had been kept under shelter during winter. One 
freshly shed pupal skin was found in the corner of a box, indicating 
that the first larva had perhaps pupated in February. On March 
27, 14 pupx and 1 pupal skin but no larve were found under bands. 
The larve collected on these dates, together with a small sending 
from San Jose, were kept separately in vials, with bits of paper and 
cloth, for pupal records. Records kept at San Jose showed the first 
pupa on February 20. (See Table III.) 
During February, 1910, about 300 larvee secured from banded trees 
the previous season were put in vials for individual pupation records, 
Four of these larve had pupated by March 12. Of the 118 which 
produced adults in spring, 95 had pupated by March 31 and all had 
pupated April 10. The dates of pupation are given in Table IL. 
Practically all larvee under observation out of doors at the laboratory 
at Walnut Creek in 1909 and 1910 and San Jose in 1909 had pupated 
by the last of April, giving some two months during which larve 
transformed to pup. From the appearance of the first pupa, Feb- 
ruary 20, till the emergence of the last moths from overwintering 
