THE LorrST BORER. 



3 



the roug-h bark, in tho forks of the troo, and on tho g-round around the 

 l)ase t)f tlu' trunk, duiinj^ ]Muy, rluno, and Jul}-; (4) l)y the brcakint; 

 down of the hranrhos and young trees, and l)y the sickly appearance 

 of the youn*;' twi^s and leaves in July and Au<iust. 



This insect appears to he present and more or less injurious in ail of 

 that part of the United SUites which is east of the (ircat Plains anfl 

 noi'tii of the (Julf States. Puhlislunl information and rei)oi'tsof fcu'est 

 ollicials and others indicate that in Oklahoma and Indian Territory 

 and west of the (ir(>at Plains the locust is now cpiite free from injury 

 l)V the borer; but that these regions will remain exempt is liy no 

 means c(M"tain. 



EXTENT OF DAMAGE OR LOSS. 



So extensive is the damage to natural growth, artiticial plantations, 

 and shade trees that in sonn; sections within 

 the natural range of the tree in the Eastern 

 States, l)ut particularly in the Middle West, 

 where both the tree and the insect have been 

 introduced, it is considered unprofitable to 

 gi'ow the tree for shade or tindjer, and in 

 such sections the natural sprout growth is 

 often considered a pest rather than othei- 

 wise. 



The loss resulting from defective timber, 

 stunted gi'owth, and the death of trees is rep- 

 resented by the ditference in value between 

 the damage(l growth or protluct and the same 

 if uninjurecl and healthy. This, if (Expressed in dollnrs. would rep- 

 resent a iai'ge sum. 



POSSIBILITIES OF PREVENTING LOSSES. 



There are sections, especially in the natural home of th»> tre(\ where, 

 as has been fre(|uently obser\"ed l)y tlu> writer and others, the damage 

 is not sutliciently s(>vere to sei-iously all'ect the \ itality of the treivs ov 

 the commercial \alue of the pi-oduct; and our piesent knowledge of 

 the insect and of methods of j)re\ cnting losses from its ravages indi- 

 cates that in luopiuly scdected localities, aiul under pioper forestry 

 methods of management, the tree, so fai" as this insect is concerned, 

 can be grown successfully on an extiMisixc scale, and can l»e made to 

 yield most satisfactory returns. 



HISTORICAL REFERENCES. 



The first reference to this insect, acctuding to Fitch, i> a ligure and 

 description by Pitivcr in his (iozophylacium, pulilished in London in 

 17<i2. Drury figured it in iTTti, and the following year, 1771, Forstin* 

 gav«' it the specitic name of rohi/iln. undei- whii-h it is at present rec- 



Kiii. 'J.— Thi; locust boRT (C'ljllene 

 ml 11 II til): (I, eggs; b, c, liirva; 

 from liiberniitioii cells. Nhioh 

 cnlMrgfil (oriL'iiiiilV 



