INSECT DEPREDATIONS IN NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS. 65 



roundhoiuled and flatlieadod wood-hoivrs and timber Ix'ctk'.s. Frc- 

 (liK'iitly the insects continue the woi-lv in (he unseasoned and even dry 

 himber cut from h)<;s which had Ui-t n |)re\ iously ini'i'^ted. They also 

 continue to work in mine props after they liave heen phiced in the 

 mine, and in k)gs and other material used for the construction of 

 cabins, rustic houses, etc., and in roun<l timbers j^enerally. 



The proilucts from saplings, such as hickory hoop-i)oles and like 

 material, are often seriously injured or rendered worthless by round- 

 headed and fiatheaded borers and wood-borino: beetles, sometimes 

 resulting in a loss of froui 50 to 100 per cent of the nu'ichantablc 

 product. (Hopkins, IDCir/.) 



Stave and shingle bolts left in moist, ^-iiady |)laces in the woods or 

 in close piles during the summer months are often attacked by 

 ambrosia beetles and timber beetles. The value of the product is 

 often reduced, as a conse(iuence, from 10 to 50 per cent or more. 

 (Iloi)kins, 181)4a, 1!)05./.) 



Handle and wagon stock in the rough is especially liable to injury 

 by ambrosia beetles and roundheaded borers. Hickory and ash bolts 

 from which the bark is not removed are almost certain to be greatly 

 damaged if the logs and bolts cut from living trees during the winter 

 and spring are held over for a few weeks after the middle of March 

 or first of April. (Hopkins, 1905^/.) 



Pulpwood, and cordwood for fuel and other i)urposes, cut during 

 the winter and spring and left in the woods for a few weeks or 

 months or in close piles after the beginning of the warm weather, are 

 sometimes riddled with worndioles or converted into sawdust borings, 

 causing a loss of from 10 to 100 per cent. One exami)le reported 

 from near Munising, Mich., represents a loss of $5,000 from injury to 

 spruce and fir pidpwood cut in the winter and kei)t in piles over 

 sunnner. 



M AMIAtniU I) CNSKASONKD I'ltODT'CTS. 



Anih/'o.sid heetlcK (itul oflnr iroix] A^^/t/.v.-- Freshly sawed hard- 

 wood placed in close piles <luring warm, damp weather during the 

 period from June to Sej)teml)er is often seriously injured by am- 

 brosia beetles. Heavy J-inch to 3-inch stuH" is also liable to attack 

 by the same insects, even in loose piles. An exaini)le of this was 

 found in some thousands of feet of mahogany lumber of the highest 

 grade, which had been sawed from im|)orte(| round logs and jjiled 

 with lumber sticks between the tiers of jjlaidv. Native species of 

 ambrosia beetles, principally Ptero<y< li>n nnili Fitch, had entiMed 

 the wood to such an extent as to have reduced the value 50 ])er cent 

 or more within a few weeks. Oak, poplai'. gmn, and similar woods 

 often sutler severely from this class of injury, causing l<i--<'- vary- 

 ing from 5 to 50 per cent. (Hopkins, l!)05n'.) 



