58 HARD WORDS. 
Galium palustre ; sylvaticus, a woodland plant—e.g., the Wood 
Rush (Seirpus sylvaticus), the Wood Seorpion-Grass (MMyosotis 
sylvatica), the Wood Cudweed Gnaphalium sylvaticum) ; arvensis 
or agrestis a plant of fields, as the Field Scabious (nautia arvensis, ) 
and the Field Foxtail grass (Alopecurus agrestis) ; two species of 
Speedwell, growing in similar situations are named respectively 
Veronica agrestis and V. arvensis. Pratensis denotes a meadow 
flower; as the Lady’s Smock (Cardamine pratensis), the Purple 
Clover (Trifolium pratense), and the Meadow Cranesbill ( Ger- 
anium pratense); aquaticus and aquatilis refer to plants growing in 
or by water, as the Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis) and 
Awlwort (Subularia aquatica). Sativus points to a cultivated plant 
or its origin ; the Garden Radish is Raphanus sativus, the Parsnep, 
Pastinaca sativa, and the Wheat, Triticum sativum. Officinalis 
denotes former use, in medicine or otherwise, as the Borage 
(Borago officinalis), common Speedwell (Veronica officinalis), &c. 
Vulgaris is applied to very common plants, as the Groundsel 
(Senecio vulgaris), Ling ( Calluna vulgaris), and many more. 
Another class of specific namesis that which takes its origin 
in a reference to different parts of the plant. Bulbosus shows a 
plant with bulbous root, as in the Buttercup (Ranunculus buloosus); 
repens denotes creeping roots or stems, as in the Couch-grass 
(Triticum repens). Most names of this class are taken from the 
leaves; thus we have Geranium rotundifolium, the Round-leaved 
Cranesbill; Vicia angustifolia, the Narrowleaved Vetch; Veronica 
hederifolia, the Ivy-leaved Speedwell ; Plantago lanceolata the 
Ribwort Plantain, with long tapering, or Janceolate, leaves ; 
Tilia parvifolia, the small-leaved Lime; ZT. grandifolia, the large- 
leaved Lime; Orchis maculata, an Orchis with spotted foliage ; 
Lamium ineiswm, the Cut-leaved Dead Nettle; Chlora perfoliata, 
the Yellow-wort, which has perfoliate leaves; and so on. Others 
refer to the colour of the flowers ; as Anagallis cerulea, the Blue 
Pimpernel ; Helleborus viridis, the green Hellebore ; Centranthus 
ruber, the Red Valerian; Gagea lutea, the Yellow Star of Bethlehem; 
Lamium album, the White Dead Nettle: others to the size of the 
flowers, as Cephalanthera grandiflora, Large-flowered Helleborine ; 
