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on which we stood at Garway Hill, are, as a matter of measurement by rule and 

 line, now on a much lower plane. 



And now to turn to the particular route which we have taken to-day, and 

 its geologic description. The system of the Old Red is divided into three series : 

 the Lower, or Cornstone series, so called from the occurrence throughout it of those 

 beds of limestone which I have spoken of ; the Middle, or Brov?nstone series ; 

 and the Upper Old Red series. We have been on the first of these during this 

 excursion. You would find it to consist, towards the bottoui, of bands of Corn- 

 stone interstratified with sandstones, red and grey, and beds of red marl. Above 

 these in order, as at Rowlestone and on the flanks of the Black Mountain near 

 Hay, there are grey building stones, and above these, and at the top of the series, 

 another bed of Cornstone, as pointed out by our former president, Dr. McCuUough. 

 In the district we have now passed over you would see, if you examined the 

 exposures on the way, the beds dip, that is to say slant, with great regularity in 

 the same direction, towards the S.E., so that our course lay obliquely along the 

 upturned edges of the rocks, (as you would have seen had they not been hidden 

 by the soil), until we turned our heads east to mount Garway Hill, at 

 Bagwy Llydiart, when we went at right angles to those edges. Open a 

 book so that the edges of leaves slope from the page you are looking at to 

 the cover, and run your finger diagonally from the cover to that page along those 

 edges, and you will see what I mean when I .say that we have been ascending the 

 strata -from lower to higher ones. On the crest of the hill we had reached the top 

 of the Lower Old Red. I do not mean simply because we were so many feet above 

 the sea ; because Grosmont Hill, and the Graig Hill, to the south of us, are 

 lower in this respect than Garway Hill, but yet they are in the same geologic 

 plane as it is. They are composed, as it is, of the uppermost rocks of the Lower 

 Old Red. You might recognise how this can happen if you were to .scoop out a 

 piece from the edges of the leaves of the book I sjioke of a moment ago. Your 

 finger would still be travelling upwards in the series of the pages, even if it had to 

 dip down in the depression of the scooped-out part. 



If you should want to ascend to still higher strata of the Old Red you must 

 go to the Sugar Loaf, the Scyrriii, the Black Mountain, Pen Cerrig Calch, or the 

 Blorenge. There you would find rocks of the Brownstone, or Middle Old Red, 

 and on the flanks of the Blorenge you would find, overlying these, beds of the 

 conglomerate of the Upper Old Red, which, with yellow sandstones, mark the 

 summit of the system. Such yellow sandstones you would find on the sides of the 

 Glee Hill in Shropshire. Had we had time to hunt for fossils on our way I do not 

 know that we should have found more than the remains of the fishes of the 

 period, portions of the plates which covered them, or the horn-like ajjpendages 

 called spines, with which the shields covering the heads of some of them were 

 furnished. The Old Red in general is not largely fossiliferous ; the uppermost 

 beds are so in a greater degree than the lower, the middle hardly at all. My 

 friend, and the common friend of many of us, Mr. Symonds, to whose learning 

 and intimate acquaintance with the formation I need hardly say that I, or any 

 one who wishes to know anything about the Old Red, must always be excessively 



