116 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [MAR. 21, 
oily basic bodies and proved that they were pyridine and chinoline, 
or, as the Englishmen call it, quinoline. 
In 1842, Gerhardt, the Frenchman, distilled quinine and cinchonine 
with caustic potash and obtained chinoline. 
Later on, Professor A. W. Hofmann showed that the chinoline 
from quinine and cinchonine was probably the same as that obtained 
from bone-oil by Anderson and from coal-tar by Runge. 
Here, then, was the first dawning light to show the way to make 
quinine and cinchonine artificially. This chinoline is evidently an 
important factor in the constitution of quinine in the same manner 
that aniline, another organic base, is an important factor in the 
production of aniline colors; but to-day we are not able to make 
quinine artificially. 
As a result of the production of chinoline from quinine it is 
found that other alkaloids give this same oily base and its analogue, 
pyridine. It is therefore the belief of the chemist that we shall 
some day be able to make alkaloids from other sources than the 
plants from which they are derived. Thus the alkaloid of bella- 
donna is a pyridine compound. In the year 1883, Hoogewerf and 
van Dorp proved that the chinoline from coal-tar and that obtained 
from quinine were identically the same substance. In the follow- 
ing year, 1884, Skraup discovered a process for making chinoline 
artificially. This was accomplished by heating together aniline, 
nitrobenzol, glycerine, and sulphuric acid. 
Hitherto the production of chinoline was dependent on the yield 
from bone-oil and coal-tar, and the amount obtained from these 
sources was small. But here was a process invented by Skraup in 
which it could be made in unlimited quantities. The result of the 
artificial production of chinoline was to stimulate research upon 
this body and its analogues; and the first fruit of these researches 
was the production of kairine, an alkaloid hitherto unknown to 
man and similar to quinine in its effect upon the human frame, 
although not good as an antiperiodic. It is really a pyridine com- 
pound. Another compound derived from the same base is thalline. 
This is another alkaloid of similar effect to quinine; that is, it re- 
duces fever temperature, but its effects do not last so long. 
Very soon after the artificial production of chinoline, antipyrine 
was made, and it has proved a most potent addition to the drugs of 
the pharmacopeia. This is a chinoline compound. It is a reducer 
of fever temperature to a remarkable extent, acting in 4 to 6 hours. 
It also is an analgesic, and reduces the sensibility to pain without 
complete anesthesia. 
You note that I refrain from giving you any chemical formule 
of these new substances, but I will take antipyrine as an example— 
if you will allow me to torture you that much. 
