NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 26 1 



in the clay, and had apparently been buried together. This 

 type of brooch is rare at Ferriby, though small portions of 

 other examples are in the collection. 



Penannular brooches. A very primitive form, of which 

 there are several examples, is the penannular or buckle 

 brooch, Some of these are shown in Plate XXVII., figs. 1-8. 

 This is a very early type of brooch, and is also met with in 

 Saxon and later interments. Being simple in form, the 

 type lasted long. Occasionally specimens have been found 

 which bear evidence of having been forced open and almost 

 straightened (figs. 7 & 8). With the Ferriby specimens, the 

 rings are sometimes of plain bronze wire, the ends being 

 formed by small knobs, or curved over in small loops, the 

 loops being either plain or ornamented. One example is 

 made of square bronze wire; another is marked by numerous 

 small lines converging towards the centre; whilst still another 

 example is ornamented by half of the bronze wire being 

 twisted. In many of the Ferriby examples the acus of 

 bronze is still preserved, and whilst in some cases it is no 

 longer than the diameter of the brooch, in others it projects 

 more than a quarter of an inch. 



In Plate XXX., figs. 8 & 9, are two types of fibulae which 

 are represented by one example only of each. With regard 

 to the former, a very similar example of a T or cross-shaped 

 fibula, from Chesters in Northumberland, is figured in "An 

 Account of Roman Antiquities Preserved in the Museum at 

 Chesters," 1903, fig. 1154; and in "The Brooches of Many 

 Nations," 1904, fig. 57. Fig. 8 is the late Roman Crossbow 

 brooch of the 4th century ; No. 9 is of an early type, 

 probably of the 1st century a.d. 



In Plate XXX., figs. 10-14, are shown one complete and 

 four halves of brooches, with small cups, which originally 

 would probably contain jewels. In one example (fig. 13) 

 two of these jewels still remain. With the exception of the 

 acus, which is missing, fig. 10 is complete, and fig. 11 was 

 evidently a similar example, the latter would also probably 

 have four jewels when complete. Fig 13 is a portion of a 

 brooch of a somewhat similar type, and would probably 

 have four jewels ; and fig. 12, when perfect, would be 

 oval, and contain either six or seven jewels. In the four 

 hollows remaining, the cementing material is still pre- 

 served, and between the bosses the bronze is ornamented 

 by a number of minute circular impressions, averaging 

 twelve between each cup. These brooches, however, are 



