118 THE OREGON NATURALIST. 
cross threads. Fig. 6 is a drill from 
lowa, used for perforating. Fig. 7 is a 
‘‘pendant,’’ from Ohio, made of serpent- 
ine. Fig. 8 is a flint knife, or scraper, and 
is from Iowa. It was used set in a han- 
dle. Fig. 9 is a very curious perforated 
arrowhead from Wasco County, Oregon, 
and will no doubt be of interest to East- 
ern collectors. Its probable use was in 
the shooting of fish, the perforation en- 
abling a cord to be attached to the head 
and arrow shaft, and used on the same 
principle as a harpoon. 
In my next article I will describe and 
illustrate some Alaska Indian relics. 
ED-AwSGHLOTH. 
PORTLAND, ORE. 
ENT OMOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHY 
A. S. VANWINKLE. 
No one is placed in a grander or more en- 
nobling field of investigation, than he who 
studies out the problems connected with the 
distribution of either that of plants or insects 
and their variation; not mentioning any of the 
other departments as they have been more 
thoroughly worked than these. As the 
problems become more and more intricate as 
we gather up thread by thread, the more are 
What 
has already been written upon the dispersal of 
they to be admired and searched into, 
insects, might be considered in a local form, 
therefore then, there remains astill wider field 
when taken into consideration the distribution 
of species as they are dispersed over the earth’s 
surface. Take as examples, the powerful cur- 
rents of wind which greatly aid in the dispersion 
of the Lepidoptera in traveling over immense 
territories, others again come floating on masses 
of vegetation or in logs that have been borne to 
distant shores by the powerful currents of the 
ocean; others again have been transported 
in commerce, and gradually become adapted 
to the climate, and thus naturalized; while 
others come merely as winged visitors. 
Let us, then observe the influence of an 
elevated temperature upon the prucess of devel- 
opement and dispersion of species with the 
provisions made by nature in the physical or 
mental conditions of these complexes, for afford- 
ing that 
replacement and change of species from one 
influence; therefore the constant 
faunal region to that of another is one that the 
student should take great pains in solving, that 
he should bear in mind the different elements 
that go to make upa fauna, and to retain all 
the species within a circumscribed region, that 
the examination and re-examination of species 
should constantly be brought to bear on his 
mind, for the constant atmospheric changes 
continually going on; especially is this true, in 
regard to temperate climes, thus, in passing 
from the arctic to the temperate zones, one 
species takes place of another, a third succeeds 
the second and so on until finally the fauna is 
found to be completely changed. though’ it is 
not always possible to mark tbe precise line 
which divides the one from the other. It is 
not uncommon to find, upon such an examin- 
ation that there is the closest resemblance 
between species of the same genus, such as the 
Carabidae, Bupestidae, Cerambycidae, and 
Pipilioni tae, 
Pierinae, Nymphalidae, /-liconidar among 
Coccinelhdae among )eetles; 
butterflies, there are hundreds of families that 
might have been mentioned pertaming to other 
orders, that live side by side and are widely 
different. 
Ifthen, from species or individuals of the 
same form, which reproduce themselves in 
conformity to certain fixed laws, we pass to 
those divisions of the natural system, which are 
abstractions of different degrees of importance, 
we may either confine ourselves to genera, or 
orders, or sections of 1 still higher degree, there 
are certain genera and families which belong 
exclusively to certain zones and countries, such 
as the beautiful Ornithoptera which are only 
found in parts of Australia and the Malayan’ 
beautiful Ovs2thoptera 
Cassandra is only found in Queensland, while 
Orn, Brookeanus is a native of Borneo; also 
Archipelago; the 
the Orn. priamus, helena and vamus have 
a 
