36 RELICS OF THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA—PIERS. 
made of chipped stone and identical in form with what are too 
frequently termed spear or arrow-heads. These are inserted into 
short wooden handles. According to Major J. W. Powell, these 
knives are very effective, especially in cutting leather. The natives 
of Alaska still occasionally use knives formed in a similar manner, 
which they carry in a rough wooden scabbard. A most signifi- 
cant fact is mentioned by the late Dr. Gilpin*. An admirable 
Indian hunter named Joe Glode, once shot a moose in Annapolis 
County. Not having a knife, he immediately took the flint from 
his gun, and without more ado, bled and dressed the carcass 
therewith. Lescarbot, in a sentence before quoted, mentions the 
occasional use of a stone in fashioning arrow-shafts. 
B.—PECKED, GROUND, AND POLISHED STONE, 
Polished Stone Hatchets or Celts, and Adzes—These two 
groups I have classed together, for although the tools I shall 
here describe are usually termed celts or, more correctly, stone 
hatchets, in most archzeological books, yet after a careful exami- 
nation of a great many specimens found in this provinee, | have 
come to the conclusion that nearly all of those specimens, in 
form or otherwise, bear evidence of having been used as adzes, 
mostly hafted to wooden handles in the manner still or until 
recently exemplified in the stone implements of the South Sea 
Islands and elsewhere. This was accomplished in the following 
manner. A branch of sufficient stoutness was obtained, together 
with part of the stem from which it sprang. The stem portion 
was then split, forming a flat surface, and the superfluous wood 
having been trimmed therefrom, the flat portion was applied 
to the face of the stone tool which was then lashed to it by 
means of raw-hide thongs or possibly withes. Owing to the 
tapering form of the stone head, every blow would tend to 
tighten the hold of the binding. A piece of skin was perhaps 
interposed between the handle and the stone, as the Indians 
of Dakota have been known to do in fashioning their bone 
hoes or adzes.t There cannot be a doubt that most of the 
* “Stone Age of Nova Scotia.” Trans. N.S. Inst. Nat. Sc., vol. iii. 
+ See Rau, Archeological Collection of U. S. National Museum, p. 95, fig. 334, ete. 
