382 Report of the Horticulturist of the 



4. Fungicides and Insecticides. 

 How to Spray. 



For a discussion of nozzles, pumps and machines used in spraying 

 the reader is referred to Bulletin 74 of this Station or Annual Re- 

 port 1894; 687-706. In order that any spraying may be effective 

 it must be thoroughly done. The workman should not hurry 

 through with tlie job in an effort to see how many trees he can hit 

 with the spray in a day, but should aim to apply the spray thoroughly 

 and evenly over all the foliage. 



It is a mistake to think that when a nozzle is throwing a stream 

 to a great distance and using up the liquid fast, that it is doing the 

 best work. The Yermorcl nozzle, wliich is considered the best, 

 does its best work at from three to five feet from the nozzle. Wliile 

 it cannot force a stream to a great distance it throws a vei*y fine 

 spray, and is readily cleaned when it becomes clogged. For these 

 reasons it takes first rank. 



Throughout the preceding parts of this discussion spraying with 

 different mixtures has been recommended. The reader must not expect 

 good results to follow the use of any of them unless the spraying be well 

 done. The spraying may be done at the right time and the mixtures 

 prepared correctly, but final success must depend upon thorough 

 work in applying the spray. Thoroughness does not mean that the 

 trees shall be drenched but that the spray shall reach every leaf. 

 The ideal way is to have the spray settle in minute particles over the 

 entire surface of all the foliage and dry there without running to- 

 gether in drops and dripping from the tree. This idea can not be 

 accomplished completely but it should always be worked for. 



In applying Bordeaux mixture or Paris green great care must 

 he taken to Tceep the mixture thoroughly stirred otherwise the heavy 

 parts of the mixture settle rapidly and the spray is not applied in 

 uniform strength. To keep the mixture stirred an agitator should 

 be kejat constantly moving. One of the best agitators for this pur- 

 pose is described in Bulletin 74 of this Station, p. 400, and Annual 

 Report 1894; 701. 



In using such insecticides as kerosene emulsion, that kill by 

 contact with the insect, the aim is to hit the insects and the foliage 

 may be drenched if necessary to do this. 



