12 ASH. [1900 



larval passarfea parallel to the first, and pupal-chambers running close 

 up to the second, as shown in the figure at p. 9."''' 



The change to pupal condition took place in cells at the extremity 

 of the larval (or grub) tunnellings, which infringed just a little into 

 the outer part of the wood immediately below the inner part of the 

 bark through which the tunnellings were pierced. This change had 

 commenced about July 24th — that is, about three months from the 

 first appearance of the parent beetles iu April ; the pupre at this date 

 were fairly numerous in the cells at the end of the burrows, which 

 were tightly filled throughout (down to the shiny exterior of the egg- 

 chamber projecting into the empty main gallery) with the rejected 

 remains of their excavations. The full development to the beetle state 

 began about three weeks later, continuing over a lengthened period. 



In the above observations, from the large amount of specimens 

 lying conveniently for examination, I was able to trace the history 

 forward from the first appearance of the infestation of Hylesini settling 

 on the fallen Ash trunks towards the latter part of April up to the 

 development of the beetles, which commenced about the middle of 

 August ; and as they agree in all characteristic points with the ordinary 

 history of H. fra.vini in this country, I have given them in this form 

 as possibly of more interest than as simple quotation.! 



In regard to the life of the beetles after their late summer and 

 autumn change to this condition, it is mentioned by Dr. T. A. Chapman, 

 in his excellent observations on the transformations of H. fraxini, 

 referred to, avte, in note, p. 9, that " the perfect beetles usually remain 

 during the winter months at the ends of the burrows formed by the 

 larvfe, and emerge in spring to continue their ravages, leaving a very 

 distinct circular aperture." 



The above observations, it will be seen, refer entirely to the history 

 of one brood ; this being especially noticed as usually resting in beetle 

 state during the winter at the end of the larval burrows, and (so far 

 as I am aware) there is not any published record of H. fraxini being 

 known to be double-brooded in this country. | But, on comparing notes 

 of specimens forwarded to me from Llanerch, Llanelly, South Wales, 



* The figure is sketched on a "rubbing " from a specimen of the galleries which 

 I had taken in the bark from one of the trees ; consequently, is almost an exact 

 facsimile, showing the large proportion of larvaj which perish from want of room, 

 and also the occasional contortions in the direction of the larval galleries, where it 

 chanced that the " mother-gallery '' of another set had been pierced across their 

 line of advance. — E. A. 0. 



t See also my account in somewhat more detailed form in " Workings of 

 Hylesinns fraxini, by E. A. Ormerod," in the ' Entomologist,' vol. x. pp. 183-187. 



I Of course I should not like to state this as a definite fact ; but, after much 

 search, I have not been able to find reference to other than the infestation being 

 single- brooded. 



