1900] MOTTLED FRUIT-TREE TORTRIX MOTH. 75 



the apical tbird white, is given in Stainton's ' Manual ' in almost 

 precisely the same words regarding each species. Prof. Westwood 

 mentions pniniana having three conspicuous dark dots on the costa 

 (that is, the fore edge of the fore wings) ; and I find these, as well as 

 some more minute dots, are easily observable with the help of an 

 ordinary magnifier on all my type specimens. But, looking at the 

 variations in colouring of the species, probably the figures at p. 73 will 

 be much more serviceable for practical identification than technical 

 description.''' 



From such amount of German observations of the life-history of 

 this infestation as I have access to, it appears that the caterpillars are 

 to be found in the clusters of blossom, or leaf-buds, of various kinds of 

 trees, including amongst these Plum, Apple, Cherry, and Pear, where 

 they cause such damage that consequently neither blossom, nor fruit, 

 nor a new growth of shoot is produced, although occasionally a blossom 

 may survive and fruit develop. When young the larvfe only attack 

 the soft leaves or growths at the tip of the shoots, but with increased 

 age they spread to the older leaves near by, and spin them together, 

 continuing their destructive operations within. 



Pupation (that is, change to the chrysalis state) is recorded as 

 taking place customarily where the caterpillar fed, and the develop- 

 ment of the moths at the end of May and beginning of June.t 



The following extracts, taken (with his permission) from Mr. New- 

 stead's fuller records of his personal observations of the habits of this 

 infestation on trees in the city of Chester, correspond well with the 

 above ; but it will be seen that they add some useful information 

 regarding habits of the moth after development, and likewise the very 

 important point (which I am not aware of having been previously 

 noted) of the winter habitat of the larva. 



Mr. Newstead remarked that the earliest sign of the attack is 

 noticeable in the spring, when the leaves are first formed, and that the 

 habit of the caterpillars is to spin two or more leaves together, or fold 

 over the tip or side of the leaf, and thus form a shelter. The cater- 

 pillars are to be found in April and May, and a few in June. It was 

 during the second week in June that the majority of the moths emerged. 

 These were to be found by day sitting on the leaves and shoots with 

 their wings closed, but were easily disturbed ; and at night, when they 

 take flight, were readily attracted by artificial light. 



* References to the above-named species will be found in the ' Synopsis of 

 Species of British Moths,' by Stephens, in vol. ii. of ' British Moths,' by J. 0. 

 Westwood, and in the same volume, pp. 117, 118, will be found descriptions and 

 mention of various of the formerly used generic and specific synonyms. 



t See, for above information and references, chiefly ' Die Pflanzenfeinde,' von 

 J. H. Kaltenbach, p. 168. 



