SPOTTED CRANE FLY. 83 
we certainly need knowledge of treatment reasonably practicable on 
the wide scale required for outbreaks on marsh pastures, or mountain 
pastures, or other great areas of grass-land. 
In the course of the observations sent me during 1894 regarding 
the ravages of the Antler Moth caterpillars in the south-west of Scot- 
land, Mr. R. Service, of Maxwelltown, Dumfries, mentioned the great 
injury which was also sometimes caused on the upland pastures by the 
devastations of Tipula grubs; and in the past season specimens were 
sent me from Antler Moth infested pastures, which proved to be larvee 
of the Tipula maculosa, or Spotted Crane Fly. 
On the 24th of May (in the past season), Mr. W. Gray, writing 
from Tanlawhill, Langholm, Dumfries-shire, N.B., sent me accom- 
panying some quite young caterpillars of the Antler Moth of various 
sizes, from very small, up to as much as a third or half-grown. He 
mentioned at the same time the injured appearance of the grass, but 
that on searching for the caterpillars there seemed very little sign of 
them, which he ascribed to their being stillso small that they escaped 
observation. 
However, about a month later, the true cause of the damage was 
found. At the beginning of July Mr. Gray wrote me again as 
follows :—‘‘ By same post as this I send you some maggots which one 
of the shepherds brought me, saying that he found them where the 
grass was worst damaged, and that they were in great numbers. As 
the Antler grub is not in very great numbers to account for the large 
destruction, these maggots may destroy grass also.” Mr. Gray further 
remarked that though the Antler caterpillars were not so plentiful as 
in 1894, there was much more damage being done to the grass. 
A liberal supply of grubs was sent me, which on careful examina- 
tion proved to be larve of the Tipula maculosa, according to the 
description given in Curtis’s ‘Farm Insects,’ p. 450. The maggots of 
the Spotted Crane Fly are distinguishable from those of the common 
Crane Fly, or Daddy Longlegs, by being lighter coloured, softer, and 
a good deal smaller. According to John Curtis’s measurements, they 
are only three-quarters of an inch long, and about as thick as a large 
crow-quill, whereas the larger kind are about an inch long, and as 
thick as a goose-quill; but independently of size when full-grown, the 
two kinds differ in the shape and arrangement of the four tubercles at 
the upper edge of their truncated tail extremity. 
In the grubs of the common Crane Fly (7. oleracea) there are four 
fleshy tubercles, more or less pointed; but in the Spotted Crane Fly 
the truncated tail terminates above in two spreading hooks, with two 
short teeth between them: this peculiarity was very noticeable in the 
specimens sent me. Besides these, in both kinds of grubs there are 
two spiracles in the middle of the truncated end of the tail, and two 
D 
