86 CORN AND GRASS. 
morning the grubs were on the walks by hundreds,” and there, of course, 
they were easily dealt with. 
In February, 1884, Mr. Berry Torr favoured me by having special 
observations taken at Westleigh, near Bideford, when bad grub-attack 
was going on; and the grubs were found on the surface in large nunbers 
at about one o'clock in the middle of the night. 
In 1892 I had observations from a locality in Shropshire, on the 
2nd of June, of the grubs doing much mischief to a field of Turnips, 
and ‘being observed to burrow lightly under the soil during the day, 
but at night to come up and crawl on the surface.” 
Also many years ago it was matter of observation of my late 
brother, the Rev. John A. Ormerod, Bursar of Brasenose College, 
Oxford (who both officially and as an observant naturalist was accus- 
tomed to noting the habits of agricultural pests), that Daddy Longlegs 
grubs came out in such great numbers by night from the grass in the 
College Quadrangle that in the morning it was a regular thing to clear 
the quantities on the walks by sweeping them up. 
In the above observations only the presence of the grubs above 
eround is mentioned, but in the following note by Dr. Ritzema Bos, 
of his own personal observations of the grubs of the 7. maculosa (the 
Spotted Crane Fly), it will be seen that he not only observed them 
above ground in the evening and by day in the dark damp weather, 
but was also able to watch them at work at the growing field crop. 
Dr. Ritzema Bos, after recording some special experiments, observed : 
“‘On the fields I saw the grey larvee in the evenings (and in dark 
moist weather also in the day) leave the earth and feed above ground ; 
still the underground ravage was of much the most consequence.’ * 
In the coming season some more observations of the extent to 
which Tipule grubs come out to feed at night would be very desirable. 
It is not reasonably possible to roll in the middle of a February night, 
however mild the weather may be; but at a better time of year, in 
cases where great breadths of marsh pasture were being ruined by 
Crane Fly grubs, it would be well worth while to see if they were up in 
the evening or at night, or in damp weather by day, and if so, to 
try the effect of a Crosskill’s roller, or a Cambridge or ring-roller. 
Hitherto we have not, I believe, found any remedy for infestation of 
large areas of marsh pasture, but if rolling could be brought to bear 
when the grubs were above ground the expense of the rolling would be 
better than the loss of the grass. 
* Work by Dr. J. Ritzema Bos, previously cited, p. 595. 
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