64 ORCHARD CATERPILLARS. 
about fifty per cent. of the bruwmata emerged, but only about five per 
cent, of the defoliaria.””—(K. G.) 
About a week later (namely, on the 4th of March) Mr. Goodwin 
wrote me that whilst searching for insects on the night of the 1st, he 
had found several ‘‘pairs”’ of C. brumata. It is impossible to say with 
certainty when these had emerged from the chrysalis state; but the 
circumstance of their being pairing points to their very recent develop- 
ment. Although the chief appearance of the Winter Moths is from 
the middle of October some way into November, we have record of 
their appearance as late as the end of January, and the possibility of 
a late development in March is one of the difficulties of fruit-growers. 
In the instance observed by Mr. Goodwin, it would appear very 
likely that the long frost-bound state of the ground had prevented 
an earlier appearance of the late winter brood; but in any case the 
observation is of serviceable interest as showing the moths present and 
in natural condition immediately on the breaking up of the long cold. 
Amongst widespread mischief done by the looper caterpillars in the 
past season, one very notable attack was that to the trees on the Peck- 
forton Hills in Cheshire. On the 31st of May, Mr. W. Bailey, writing to 
me from the Aldersey Grammar School, Bunbury, Tarporley, Cheshire, 
on this subject, mentioned :—‘‘ The foliage on the Peckforton Hills is 
this year again being destroyed by caterpillars; . . . the Oaks are 
especially suffering.” With his letter Mr. Bailey forwarded me a box 
of caterpillars collected from the Oak-trees, all of which proved to be 
‘“‘Joopers,” and almost all were caterpillars of the Winter Moth. 
The above attack appeared as a devastation to Cak-leafage; the 
following report, sent me by Messrs. German & Son, from Ashby de 
la Zouch, on May 29th, shows extremely bad attack to Lime-trees. 
This attack, it will be seen from the following communication, was 
a recurrence of infestation of the previous year, and the locality 
Drakelow Park, near Burton-on-Trent. Messrs. German mentioned 
that on June 27th, 1894, I had replied to a letter from them regarding 
a caterpillar attack upon Lime-trees in Drakelow Park (near Burton- 
on-T'rent), but it was then too late in the season to send specimens. 
Unfortunately, however, the attack had then recurred, and specimens 
were forwarded. These proved to be Winter Moth caterpillars of 
various shades of colour, some with green ground-colour, some much 
browner, and some of them were full, or nearly full-grown. 
The bundle of leaves sent accompanying showed great ravage. Of 
the seventeen or more leaves sent (for the most part averaging about 
three inches in length), few, if any, had less than a third eaten away, 
some much more, and some were reduced to merely a few ragged 
remains. 
The above observation of severity of attack of the caterpillars was, 
