92 TURNIP. 
the following remarks :—‘‘ I send you per this post a Turnip, and also 
specimens of a grub that is doing much harm in a few fields about ten 
miles from here; . . . the farmer told me that the field would be 
completely ruined.” 
The grubs proved to be of the Turnip Mud-beetle (H. rugosus), 
some darker in colour than the others, and apparently about to pupate. 
The small leaves of the Turnip were much eaten away in some parts; 
also there were several grubs at the base of the leaves. 
From such dates as have been sent with previous samples and 
reports, it appears that the injury may be found so far established as 
for attention to be drawn to it, by the diseased appearance of the tops 
of the plants, as early as the second hoeing of Turnips sown on the 
5th of June. On investigation there was nothing wrong at the roots, 
but on breaking away the unhealthy leaves, the grubs were found 
sheltered close down where their stems leave the bulb, ‘‘and a great 
many of them in the centre of the shaw, eating up the young growing 
leaves.”’ 
There were sometimes as many as a dozen grubs of different sizes 
at one shaw, and the description given of the ‘‘ confined, upright 
appearance with the edges curled over,’’ which was sent me in one of 
the most detailed reports in 1894, well describes the external appear- 
ance of some of the samples sent. 
Besides the above-mentioned injuries, I found, on examining 
infested Turnip-bulbs sent me much later on in the year (on the 12th 
of November), that the maggot-burrow was to be found at the top of 
the Turnip-bulb, running as a roughly-gnawed and uneven gallery 
mainly round the base of the central growth of leaves. This injury 
was just under the skin or bark of the bulb, though sometimes it went 
a little lower ; also sometimes it was little more than the width of the 
maggot, sometimes gnawed to two or three times its width. ‘This 
necessarily doing harm, both by setting up decay, and checking proper 
growth of the leafage. 
The grubs, when seen magnified, are of the shape figured, and of a 
pale ground colour, marked with a transverse band of darker tint 
across the three first segments, and a double row of squarish grey spots 
along the abdominal segments, with a row of smaller grey spots on 
each side below. ‘The head is of a chestnut-grey colour, with strong 
chestnut-coloured jaws. With regard to date of presence of the grubs, 
as they have been in numbers, and of different sizes, at Turnips sown 
in the first days of June at the second hoeing, and I have had them sent 
early in September and early in November, there must either be a 
second brood, or they must be continuing from eggs laid at different 
dates during the summer. 
The beetles are of the size figured at p. 91, and marked as shown 
