WRITERS ON THE FOREST FLY. 109 
to the ordinary fly chrysalis-case, or puparium); the larva immediately 
on deposit completing its change from the fully developed state in 
which it was produced to the pupal state, and its case so rapidly 
changing in external character, that in twenty-four hours or less, in 
the case of the Forest Fly, the soft whitish body has changed to the 
brown or black colour and the hard exterior of the perfect pupa-case, 
from which the perfect fly emerges, by cracking off one end of its case, 
in about four weeks. In the instance especially watched by Réaumur, 
the time occupied was from the 18th of September to the 18th of 
October* ; but it is considered that hybernation sometimes takes place 
in pupal state. 
The above gives to the best of my power just so much of the main 
points of the life-history of the Pupipara as may be needed for common 
purposes, digested from the works of the chief writers on the subject, 
including amongst these the observations of our own eminent entomo- 
logist, the late Prof. Westwood, which are not only valuable in them- 
selves, but also as giving references to the chief authorities on the- 
subject up to date. Likewise information from Dr. Leuckart’s work 
on the Pupipara, which, to those who can find time to work through 
the eighty-two quarto pages of minute record of profound personal 
research, with confirmation or correction which he considered called 
for of previous observations, is invaluable to students of the propagation 
and development of the Pupipara.t 
Dr. J. R. Schiner places the matter of the puparial deposit of the 
Hippoboscide very plainly in a few words :—‘‘ The females instead of 
egos lay immediately fully-formed pup, whence these and all the 
genera of this family are called Pupipara.” | 
Those who wish for convenient digests of the subject for practical 
as well as scientific purposes will find it usefully noticed in Neumann’s 
‘Parasites, and Parasitic Diseases of Animals,’ translated and edited 
by Dr. Fleming, pp. 86-88; and also with life-histories, &c., of some 
of the special stock infestations, in Dr. Taschenberg’s ‘ Praktische 
Insekten-Kunde,’ pt. iv. pp. 168-173; as well as in standard works 
on entomology or economic entomology too numerous to quote, but 
of some of which I give the titles in the list appended under the 
heading of ‘“ Bibliographical References ”’ (immediately preceding the 
Index). 
To these should be added reference to the work of M. Léon Dufour, 
* Reaumur, loc. cit. p. 580. 
+ For above references see ‘ Classification of Insects,’ by Prof. J. O. Westwood, 
vol. ii. pp. 580-587; and ‘ Die Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung der Pupiparen nach 
Beobachtung an Melophagus ovinus,’ yon Dr. Rud. Leuckart. Halle. 
t ‘Fauna Austriaca: die Fliegen,’ by Dr. J. R, Schiner (Fam. Hippoboscide), 
vol. ii. p. 644, 
