PREVENTION AND REMEDY. ay 
and of Mr. Goodall, F.R.C.V.S., to whom I am greatly obliged for being 
allowed to publish such useful information. 
In a communication sent me by Dr. Spooner Hart, of Calcutta, 
relatively both to Forest and Gad Flies, he mentioned :—** We find 
sponging the legs and bodies of horses over with weak phenyle-waiter 
very effectual in keeping flies off.” 
An application much mentioned in works of Continental entomo- 
logy is a decoction of walnut leaves in vinegar; and in Dr. Fleming's 
translation of Neumann’s ‘ Parasites, and Parasitic Diseases of Animals,” 
p. 39, it is mentioned that in many couniries, as a preventive of fly 
atiacks, “‘ use is frequently made of a decoction of walnut leaves, or a 
maceration of them in vinegar. This need only be applied to the skin 
once a week. Sometimes it is sufficient to merely rub the animals 
with the walnut-iree leaves.” 
Anything that is poisonous to the flies, as, for instance, tobacco- 
water, if such application could be used without risk to the health of 
the infested animals, would be of service; or applications of soap, 
particularly with a little mineral oil in it, which would not only be 
deterrent by their smell, but also prevent the flies using their wonder- 
fully elaborate foot structure with anything like completeness. The 
greasy state of the hairs would effectually prevent the file- and saw- 
apparatus of the eurved claws having the hold by which each fly is 
enabled to devote six pairs of excellently adapted fiat forceps to powerful 
and painful dragging at the hairs to which they are applied; also the 
greasy matier would greatly prevent all action of the lesser appendages, 
as the bearded hair, and the expanded membrane, and bulb. 
In the publications of the United States Board of Agriculture, 
kerosene emulsion is most strongly recommended as a trustworthy 
remedy for presence of “‘ Ticks,” and this mixture, or any mixture of 
soft-soap and mineral oil, if not too strong for safe use, appears to 
unite many of the points needed for remedial or preventive service. 
The importance of all the measures of cleanliness so strongly 
advocated is obvious from the habits of the flies. From it being their 
nature to harbour in the coats of the infested horses or other animals, 
and when disturbed, for the most part, only to take short flights and 
return for comfortable harbourage, these special pests lie to an unusual 
extent under our power, and all such treatment as brushing, combing, 
or other means which will clear them (and also making sure they are 
killed in the clearing), cannot fail to do good. Care should also be 
given to clearing out the puparia, or little egg-like bodies (see figure, 
p- 95), which at first are white, afterwards turn to deep brown or 
black, from which otherwise flies would presently come out. 
The observations at pp. 111—116 regarding the habits of the Dog 
Forest Fly in Cachar, and those of the Indian Forest Fly when on 
