AMERICAN WARBLE FLIES. 141 
yearly of a bonus at so much a head for queen wasps; but if, instead 
of a penny or sometimes more apiece, a penny a dozen was given for 
the warble-maggots, it would soon open the eyes of farm-workers to 
the existence of what is passed by merely because, in the expressive 
northern term, ‘‘they cannot be fashed.” 
Also it holds back progress very mucli for recipes which have been 
proved to answer well for checking or preventing some part of the 
mischief, to be brought forward as suitable for some other part, or as 
a cure; it discourages those who are at the trouble of applying them, 
and from a misappropriation of the use of the following treatment in 
advice I noticed published (in almost precisely my own words) last 
year, I think it right to mention that, as will be seen, I only advise it 
to prevent fly-attack :— 
‘To prevent fly-attack in summer, train-oil rubbed along the 
spine, and a little on the loins and ribs, has been found useful; so has 
the following mixture :—4 oz. flowers of sulphur, 1 gill spirits of tar, 
1 quart train-oil; to be mixed well together, and applied once a week 
along each side of the spine of the animal. With both the above 
applications it has been observed that the cattle so dressed were 
allowed to graze in peace, without being started off at the tearing 
gallop so ruinous to flesh, milk, and, in the case of cows in calf, to 
produce.” This recipe will be found on the third page of my leaflet on 
‘Warble Prevention’ (still for gratuitous distribution to all who desire 
it), and the application is excellently successful for the purpose named. 
But it is not a cure; it does not destroy the maggots, it only deters 
attack. 
I am not aware that anything further is needed to extirpate warble 
attack than to use the measures which we know to answer; but how 
the use of them is to be brought about beyond the range of the vast 
number of cattle-owners, farmers, veterinary surgeons, and others, who 
steadily use them, and prove what good always follows on their use, I 
cannot tell; but, so far as lies in my power, whether by gratuitous dis- 
tribution of leaflets, reply to enquiries, or by any other means open to 
me, I shall be proud and happy to give all the aid I possibly can to 
the cause of prevention. 
A few remarks seem also now to be called for on the Hypoderma 
lineata, Villers, the Ox Bot or Warble Fly of the United States, some- 
times also known as the Heel Fly, of which the work in this country 
(if it is really present with us to the extent to be credited with any 
work worth mention) has hitherto been classed together with that of 
our common Ox Warble Fly, the H. bovis. 
This H. lineata is known to be present in this country *; and so 
* See ‘ List of British Diptera,’ by G. H. Verrall, F.E.S., p. 20, 
