4 APPLE. 
cranny of the bark or under a loose piece, where it spins a cocoon, and 
where it turns to the chrysalis state, from which the moth comes out 
either in about a fortnight, or at the time of the Apple-blossom in the 
following year, according to whether there is one brood or two in the 
course of the season. In England it is considered that this moth is 
only single-brooded. 
This matter is important practically, and those who wish to follow 
it up will find considerations on it nearly up to date in the paper by 
Mr. Marlatt referred to below.* In this Mr. Marlatt gives evidence, 
from known entomologists, showing the countries in which the moth has 
been observed to be respectively single- or double-brooded. Amongst 
these it is considered that in northern Europe, including northern and 
central Germany, as well as England, the Codlin Moth is single- 
brooded, but in France (from actual breeding records) double-brooded. 
From examination of the later U.S.A. published records, Mr. Marlatt, 
considers that ‘‘the occurrence normally of a second or summer brood of 
moths throughout the United States, with the possible exception of the 
north-east Atlantic region, cannot be doubted”’ (p. 248); and he draws 
the conclusion from his personal observation and digest of information, 
‘that the number of broods of this insect is merely a question of 
climate and temperature.” 
This matter is important to ourselves, because (as pointed out by 
Mr. L. O. Howardt+) though many of the maggots may leave the 
Apples, and resort to the bark of the Apple-trees similarly to those of 
the first brood, yet many may still be in the Apples when gathered, 
and stored or packed. These maggots come out presently, and spin 
their cocoons in any convenient cranny of the barrel or other packing- 
vehicle, or locality. Thus a large supply of infestation is quite likely 
to be imported together with the Apples to their purchasers, and set 
infestation on foot where transmitted to fruit grounds. 
Irregularity of development, so that ‘‘about the same time full- 
grown larve, young larve, eggs, and pups will be found,” is another 
point to which Mr. Howard draws attention, and to which, from my 
own observations of the past year, I think attention might usefully be 
given here. 
PREVENTION AND Remepy.—Where fruit is found to be observably 
falling in large numbers, some of it should be split open, and if 
infestation of the Codlin Moth caterpillar (vide description above, and 
figure, p. 1) is found inside, the fruit should be gathered up and 
* «The Codlin Moth Double-brooded”’ (‘ Insect Life’), by C. L. Marlatt, U.S.A. 
Department of Agriculture, vol. vii., No. 3, Dec. 1894, pp. 248-251. 
t See ‘The Codlin Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella,” by L. O. Howard, in ‘ Report 
of the Entomologist of U.S.A. Department of Agriculture for 1887,’ Washington, 
1888, pp. 88-115—a most excellent and exhaustive treatise. 
