CODLIN MOTH. 7 
To the above precautions should be added (where the large scale 
of trade cultivation is concerned) great care as to bringing infestation 
into the grounds in cases which may have held home-grown or im- 
ported Apples. As noted at p. 4, larve or maggots of the second brood, 
in some European and many of the U.S.A. districts, may have been in 
the Apples when packed, and may very likely indeed have established 
themselves for change to chrysalis and moth state in crannies of the 
barrels, boxes, crates, or other cases used for transmission. All such 
packages, or even such as have been in contact with such cases, 
should be disinfected. Thorough scalding with boiling water would 
probably do all that is needed, and this simple plan would often be 
carried out where growers would not care for more trouble. But for 
those who wish for a special application, ‘‘ dipping the cases for two 
minutes in a lye of caustic soda of a strength of one ounce to three gal- 
lons of water, or pouring the solution into them,” will be found useful. 
But as time has gone on it has been more and more observable 
that something beyond measures of prevention are needed, which, 
in localities where the infestation has escaped all measures for its 
destruction in its early stages (or more commonly where nothing has 
been done to destroy it), may be brought to bear cheaply, and with 
good hope of success, at the time when attack customarily takes place 
on the young setting Apples, that is, when the blossom-leaves are 
falling, or rather have just fallen. or this purpose spraying with 
Paris-green* has been found to answer well. 
In the Report of Prof. Lawrence Bruner, Entomologist of the 
University of Nebraska, U.S.A., bearing date 1894, which brings the 
observations fairly up to the present time, he observes :— 
«The best remedy now known, and the only one by which the 
first brood is killed and a large per cent. of the fruit saved from their 
ravages, is the use of one or other of the argenical sprays, composed 
of London-purple or Paris-green with water. These are to be applied 
just after the fruit has ‘set,’ and before it has become heavy enough 
to droop, or the calyx end to turn downward. One or two thorough 
sprayings at this time will, it has been proved, save at least seventy 
per cent. of the loss otherwise experienced. The ratio of these poisons 
best adapted for the purpose has not been definitely ascertained, since 
this varies with conditions of climate, latitude, &c.” [A caution that 
should be carefully noticed. A. O.] ‘‘ About four ounces of the 
Paris-green and three of the London-purple to the barrel of water 
will probably be sufficiently strong to kill the worms, and at the same 
time not injure or kill the foliage during ordinary weather at this time 
of year.”—L. B. (From ‘ Nebraska State Horticul. Rep. for 1894.’) 
* London-purple would answer the same purpose, but has not as yet been so 
much brought forward in this country. 
