DEER FOREST FLY. 67 
Deer single flies were seldom to be found. . . . One pupa was 
also found in the Deer’s hair. 
‘<< From eleven pupe kept till the beginning of August in the next 
year, none developed ; but afterwards, however, when these had been 
exposed for one day to sunshine, three males developed from them, 
whilst all the others remained undeveloped. 
‘<The developed males now resembled some of those seen in the 
autumn; but were observably distinguishable from those which, with 
nothing but rudiments of wings, were found resting on the females in 
the hair of the Deer. The first are pale yellow, and the abdomen is 
slender, and shrivels considerably after death; the latter are more 
yellow brown, their abdomen is wider and firmer.’ ” 
Prof. Stein further mentioned that he had been informed by Herr 
Scherfling (likewise a special observer of Diptera) that in an excursion 
near Spandau he had found a dead Roe Deer on which numerous 
individuals of the above-named flies were thronging, and then creeping 
in amongst the hair. From these he took a good number, which on 
later examination proved to be specimens both of males and females ; 
from these last, however, at the point of death, the wings were thrown 
off,* and on this Prof. Stein makes the observation that, ‘‘ according 
to this, it is possible for the females to preserve their wings, conse- 
quently on killing happening immediately after capture by means of a 
rapidly acting poison.” 
Taking so much of the life-history of these L. cervt, or Deer Forest 
Flies, as we gain from the preceding observations, it appears that the 
males and females are to be found in wingless condition on their host 
animals, and notably on the Red and the Roe Deer; this to such an 
extent that, as observed by Mr. Campbell, they are very troublesome 
to those employed in flaying Deer in winter, by reason of their creeping 
rapidly about the clothes and into the hair of the workers, and being 
very difficult to dislodge. About the end of March Mr. Campbell 
considered they dropped from the infested Deer, and nothing more 
was seen of the attack till July, when they were observable in winged 
form, and very disagreeable to those walking in the wooded haunts 
they frequent; and when they settle, as on Deer, soon losing their 
wings. 
In the German observations it is similarly noted that the winged 
males are found from late summer to autumn in leafy forests fre- 
* As this is an important point, I give the remarks also in the original language 
for fear of any misapprehension on my own part. Speaking of his examination of 
the males and females, Prof. Stein observes:—‘‘ Von denen jedoch letztere im 
Todes-kampfe siimmtlich die Fliigel abgeworfen hatten. Hiernach musste am 
vielleicht den Weibchen die Fliigel zu erhalten, die Todtung unmittelbar nach dem 
Fange, mittelst eines sehr schnellwirkendes Giftes erfolgen.’’—(J. P. E. Fr. 8.) 
F 2 
