68 DEER. 
quented by the Roe and the Red Deer; but the females ‘‘with their 
wings shed” in the hairy coats of the Deer and the Hik. Further 
observations are quoted by Prof. Stein of the male and female L. cervi 
being found the whole winter through together in the coats of the 
Deer; and that under special observation (as under a glass where they 
could be watched) frequently paired, and the females deposited pupe. 
Of these pups, eleven were kept till the beginning of August in the 
following year, and did not develop contents up to that date; but 
afterwards, when these had been exposed one day to the sun, three 
males developed, but no others of the pup developed. 
We thus from the different observations (and others of which these 
may be taken as a sample) gain the general points of the life-history 
of this L. cervi, though there is a good deal that we still need. 
As we have not (so far as I have found) any observations of the 
flies seriously annoying the Deer, either by blood-sucking, or (like our 
H., equina) creeping and running about the hair and skin till they drive 
their host animal (if unused to their presence) nearly wild with terror, 
it appears presumable that their presence is of no great consequence. 
But still there are several points which it would be of great interest to 
know more about; one of these is—what locality the pupe are usually 
deposited in? One would conjecture it was amongst the hair of the 
Deer. Also it would be of great interest if we could have some more 
definite information as to whether the females are winged or not; 
and also what is the manner in which the wings of the males are 
removed. 
