92, LEAFAGE CATERPILLARS. 
or the beginning of July, and lay their eggs (as above mentioned), from 
which the caterpillars hatch out at the time of the leafage of the Oaks 
in the following year. 
The two kinds of looper moth caterpillars which have been so 
destructive in the past season are so similar in their habits, that one 
description of life-history will be sufficient for both. The two figures 
show the difference in size of the two kinds; and also that whilst in 
the Mottled Umber Moth the female is entirely wingless, the female 
of the Winter Moth has the wings represented by stumps. 
sy 
HYBERNIA DEFOLIARIA.—Mottled Umber Moth, male and wingless female ; 
caterpillar, after Taschenberg. 
The caterpillars, like others especially known as ‘loopers,”’ have 
instead of four pairs of sucker-feet below the body, only one pair of 
these ‘‘ prolegs,’”’ besides the pair at the end of the tail; so that in 
walking they cannot progress forward continuously, but have to bring 
the sucker-feet and tail-suckers forward to where they are held firm 
by the claw-feet (as shown in figure), and thus it forms an upright 
‘‘loop,’’ whence the name of ‘ looper.’”’ When full-fed, which may 
be, according to circumstances, from towards the latter part of May 
even until the beginning of July, the caterpillars leave the trees, and 
go down to the ground, where they turn to chrysalids at or a little 
below the surface. From these, in common rule (though some may 
remain unchanged till spring), the moths come up in autumn. The 
development begins in October, and may last till December, and even 
occur later irregularly till spring, which causes great difficulty in 
certainty of prevention by sticky-banding. 
The female moths creep up the trees and lay their eggs on buds or 
twigs, or in crevices of the bark, or in the little furrow between the 
extremity of the cut-back twigs and the bark healing over the edge. 
From these eggs the little caterpillars come out towards the end of 
March, or, speaking more generally, when their food is ready for 
them, and as they grow (in years of bad attack), devour indiscriminately 
all they can reach, whether buds, or flowers, or leaves, or growing 
fruit, until, as noticed in the past year, the ravaged tree, with the 
remains of the destroyed spun-up leafage, looks as if it had been 
