LOOPERS. 93 
scorched by fire, and, if the leafage that is preferred falls short, they 
make up as well as they can from what may be at hand in the 
neighbourhood, and feed till the time comes for them to go down for 
their chrysalis change. 
This is the general history of our two most destructive kinds of 
loopers. The Winter Moths (see figure) are smaller than the other 
CHEIMATOBIA BRUMATA.—Winter Moth, winged male, and abortive winged females. 
kind, and are of a greyish colour. In the male moths the fore wings 
are ash or brown grey with an ochrey tint, and marked with several 
cross-bars; the hind wings pale. The female moths are grey. The 
caterpillars vary very much in colour, and are, as far as I have 
observed, when nearly full-grown, usually of some shade of greenish, 
with a few faint white longitudinal lines. But they may be smoky 
brown or eyen blackish. When full-grown they are about half an 
inch long. 
The Mottled Umber Moth is about twice the size of the Winter 
Moth (see figures). The male has the fore wings usually of a pale 
brown or reddish yellow, with dark transverse bands and some slighter 
markings, and the hind wings paler, with a very small dark spot in 
the middle; but ‘‘sometimes the wings are merely of a reddish brown, 
freckled over with minute dots.’ Thefemale moth is brown; and the 
two dark spots on the back of each segment, as figured, are very 
conspicuous. 
The caterpillar is brown or of a reddish brown above, this bounded 
on each side by a very narrow waved black stripe, and below this the 
body is bright yellow; it is very distinguishable by its brilliant 
colouring. 
The various other caterpillars which helped at the leaf ravage 
were so comparatively unimportant in number that they do not need 
description, with the exception of the Sawfly caterpillars, which it 
would be well for all concerned to know by sight, as, in the case at 
least of this attack, it might be got under successfully and certainly 
with very little expense, and at p. 87 are some notes to help towards 
identification of this kind of infestation. 
PREVENTION AND Remepies.—Where we can get access to trees, as 
in fruit grounds, orchards, or park-land, preventive measures, such as 
