98 LEAFAGE CATERPILLARS. 
that the moths would be able to find successful shelter beneath the 
sodden grease mass. 
In the case of grease-banding the stems of the trees, eggs will often 
be found in numbers on the bands, produced by the moths which have 
been stuck fast in their attempted ascent, and some of these eggs, and 
many of those which are often to be found under the lower edge of 
the band, would in all probability hatch in due time, and furnish 
caterpillars for new attack. 
To get rid of these, Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist of the Ex- 
perimental Farms of the Board of Agriculture, Ontario, Canada, than 
whom we could have no sounder adviser, wrote me as follows :—‘‘ For 
washing the trunk to destroy all eggs which may have been laid in 
the winter, a kerosene emulsion may be used.” ‘This should be done 
early enough in March or even in February to make sure of destroying 
the eggs before the caterpillars have hatched. 
The following notes give recipes for preparation of kerosene emul- 
sion, or mixtures which haye been reported on trustworthy authority 
as answering in the United States of America and Canada; in this 
country paraffin oil, which is more commonly used than kerosene, may 
be substituted for it, but it should be carefully borne in mind that 
whether for use on tender bark or on leafage, for which these washes 
are particularly serviceable where Paris-green spraying is objected to, 
the strength should always be tried before using on a large scale. I 
give the recipes with authorities appended. 
Kerosene and Soap Mixture.—‘‘ To make this I use one-fourth of a 
pound of hard soap, preferably whale oil soap, and one quart of water. 
This is heated till the soap is dissolved, when one pint of kerosene oil 
is added, and the whole agitated till a permanent mixture or emulsion 
is formed. The agitation is easily secured by use of a force-pump 
pumping the liquid with force back into the vessel holding it. I then 
add water, so that there shall be kerosene in the proportion of one to 
fifteen.’’—(Prof. A. J. Cook, in Bulletin 26 of the Agricultural College, 
Michigan, U.S.A.) 
Another recipe is for ‘‘ kerosene emulsion”’ of the ordinary strength 
for general application, viz. kerosene or refined coal oil, one pint; 
common laundry soap, half ounce; rain-water, half pint. The soap 
was boiled in the water till all was dissolved, then the boiling soap-suds 
were poured into a watering-pot containing the kerosene, and churned 
with a garden-syringe until the emulsion was complete. This generally 
takes about five minutes, but sometimes longer. When this emulsion 
is made, it can be bottled up for future use. When using it, either as 
a wash for sponging trees or for spraying, it must be diluted with nine 
times the quantity of water. Should the oil in the emulsion after a 
time separate, it is well to warm it, and by violently shaking the 
