KEROSENE EMULSION. 99 
bottle it will again become fit for use. In diluting the emulsion use 
warm water. See p. 14 of ‘Report of Entomologist and Botanist, 
Department of Agriculture, Canada,’ 1887. 
The following recipe is one of the Department of Agriculture of 
the United States of America. In this the plan is to add one gallon 
of water in which a quarter of a pound of soft-soap (or any other 
coarse soap preferred) has been dissolved, boiling or hot, to two gallons 
of petroleum or other mineral oil. The mixture is then churned, as it 
were, together by means of a spray-nozzled syringe or double-action 
pump, for ten minutes, by means of which the oil, soap, and water, are 
so thoroughly combined that the mixture settles down into a cream- 
like consistency, and does not, if the operation has been properly 
performed, separate again. This is used diluted with some three or 
four times its bulk of water for a watering; if required for a wash, 
at least nine times its bulk is needed—that is, three gallons of 
‘‘emulsion,” as it is termed, make thirty gallons of wash. Warning 
is given that care must be taken with each new crop to ascertain the 
strength that can be borne by the leafage, and this equally applies to 
all applications to live bark. 
Other formulas have been constantly brought out up to the present 
time, many of which have probably their special recommendations, 
but Iam not aware that any of them are more serviceable than the 
above. One point, however, of recent date well deserves attention, 
namely, the preferableness of use of soft rather than hard water for 
making the emulsion. 
In the useful work by Prof. John B. Smith, previously quoted,* at 
p. 443, is the remark :— 
‘Tt is worthy of note that the emulsion is much more easily made 
with soft water, and if the water is very hard a permanent emulsion is 
difficult to procure. It is always advisable, therefore, to use rain- 
water, or to soften the hard water by adding soda or borax.”— 
(J. B. 8.) 
With regard to time of beginning and leaving off grease-banding there 
is no doubt that, as the moths have been observed going up the trees 
on October 11th, the bands should be on by that time, and they may 
very likely need to be kept in working order by re-greasing up to the 
beginning of December. Further than this it seems impossible to lay 
down any rule. The moths may appear again at uncertain times, at 
the end of January for instance, or a late brood may come up towards 
or in March, or the wingless females of the March Moth (Anisopterya 
ascularia) may make their way up the trees and lay their bands of 
* «Economic Entomology,’ by John B. Smith, Sc.D., Professor of Entomology 
in Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A. J. B. Lippincott Co., 
Philadelphia, 1896. 
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